--- name: chem-bond-dissociation description: Calculate homolytic and heterolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for all single bonds in a molecule using MLIPs with RDKit fragmentation. category: [chemistry] ---

# Bond Dissociation Energy Skill

## Goal

Calculate the **homolytic** and/or **heterolytic** bond dissociation energy (BDE) for each single bond in a molecule using Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials (MLIPs).

**Homolytic BDE** (radical fragments): $$\text{BDE}_\text{homo}(A{-}B) = E(A\bullet) + E(B\bullet) - E(A{-}B)$$

**Heterolytic BDE** (ionic fragments, minimum over both polarity variants): $$\text{BDE}_\text{hetero}(A{-}B) = \min\!\bigl(E(A^+)+E(B^-),\; E(A^-)+E(B^+)\bigr) - E(A{-}B)$$

> [!IMPORTANT] > This skill computes BDEs by relaxing both the intact molecule and fragments with an MLIP. For purpose-trained GNN models that predict BDE directly from SMILES (MAE ~0.6 kcal/mol), consider [ALFABET](https://bde.ml.nrel.gov) or BonDNet instead.

## Background

BDE is a fundamental thermodynamic quantity that determines: - **Drug metabolism**: CYP450 enzymes abstract H from the weakest C–H bond - **Electrolyte stability**: Which bonds break first under electrochemical voltage - **Combustion chemistry**: Rate-determining bond-breaking steps in fuel oxidation - **Polymer degradation**: Weakest links in polymer backbone chains

A 2024 study (Zubatyuk et al., *JCTC*) demonstrated that MACE potentials achieve BDE RMSE of 1.37 kcal/mol for aliphatic C–H bonds in drug-like molecules, outperforming semi-empirical methods and ALFABET for BDE **ranking**.

## 1. Prerequisites

- **Conda Environment**: `mace-agent` (includes RDKit, ASE, and MACE) - **Input**: SMILES string or structure file (`.sdf`, `.mol2`) - **RDKit**: Required for bond identification and molecular fragmentation

## 2. Choosing a Foundation Potential

Refer to the [foundation-potentials skill](../ml-foundation-potentials/SKILL.md) for model selection.

> [!IMPORTANT] > **Model requirements by cleavage mode:** > > | Mode | Recommended model | `supports_charge_spin` | Validated? | > |:---|:---|:---|:---| > | `homolytic` | `MACE-OFF23-small/medium/large` | Not required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | **`MACE-OMOL-extra-large`** (env: `mace-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | **`MACE-MH-1`** with omol head (env: `mace-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | FairChem `uma-s-1p1` with `--task_name omol` (env: `fairchem-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > > **Setting charge/spin on MACE models:** use `atoms.info["charge"]` and `atoms.info["spin"]` > (the calculator's default `info_keys` maps `"charge"` → `total_charge` / `"spin"` → `total_spin`). > Both MACE-OMOL and MACE-MH use `joint_embedding` to condition the network on these scalars. > > If you request `--cleavage both` with a model that does **not** support charge/spin, > the skill will log a warning and silently fall back to homolytic-only. > Using `--cleavage heterolytic` with an unsupported model raises an error. > > **Note on single-atom fragments:** When a bond produces a bare H (or other single atom), > heterolytic BDE is automatically skipped — neither MACE nor FairChem UMA has signed > single-atom energies (only neutral H, C, N, O… are in the reference tables).

## 3. Calculation Workflow

### Step 1: Provide a molecule

```bash # SMILES input (most common) --smiles "CCO"

# Or from a structure file --structure molecule.sdf ```

### Step 2: Run BDE calculation

**Homolytic only** (default, no charge/spin needed): ```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage homolytic \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OFF23-small \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results ```

**Both homolytic and heterolytic** (MACE-OMOL): ```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OMOL-extra-large \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results_both ```

**Both homolytic and heterolytic** (FairChem UMA omol): ```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results_both ```

**Heterolytic only** with FairChem UMA: ```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage heterolytic \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_hetero ```

### Key Parameters

| Argument | Default | Description | |:---|:---|:---| | `--smiles` | — | SMILES string of the molecule | | `--structure` | — | Path to structure file (`.sdf`, `.mol2`) | | `--bond` | — | Specific bond as atom indices `"i-j"` (0-indexed) | | `--all_bonds` | `True` | Compute BDE for all single bonds | | `--include_h_bonds` | `False` | Include X–H bonds | | `--cleavage` | `homolytic` | `homolytic`, `heterolytic`, or `both` | | `--model_type` | `mace` | MLIP backend (`mace`, `fairchem`) | | `--model_name` | auto | Model checkpoint (default: `MACE-OFF23-small` for homolytic; `uma-s-1p1` for hetero/both) | | `--task_name` | — | Task head for multi-task models (e.g. `omol` for FairChem UMA) | | `--fmax` | `0.01` | Force convergence for relaxation (eV/Å) | | `--output_dir` | required | Output directory |

## 4. Output Files

- **`bde_results.json`** — Full results including: - `metadata`: model name, cleavage mode, `supports_charge_spin`, SMILES, etc. - `intact_energy_eV`: Energy of the relaxed intact molecule - `bonds`: List of per-bond results: - `bde_eV`, `bde_kJ_mol`, `bde_kcal_mol`: Homolytic BDE (if computed) - `heterolytic_bde_eV`, `heterolytic_bde_kJ_mol`, `heterolytic_bde_kcal_mol`: Best heterolytic BDE (if computed) - `heterolytic_best_variant`: Which polarity won (`"frag1+ / frag2-"` or `"frag1- / frag2+"`) - `heterolytic_variants`: Raw results for both polarity variants - `weakest_bond_homolytic`, `weakest_bond_heterolytic`: Summary of weakest bonds - `bonds_ranked_by_homolytic_bde`, `bonds_ranked_by_heterolytic_bde`: Sorted tables

- **`intact_relaxed.xyz`**: Relaxed intact molecule - **`frag_bond{N}_homo_{1,2}.xyz`**: Homolytic radical fragments - **`frag_bond{N}_hetero_pos_neg_{1,2}.xyz`**: Heterolytic cation/anion fragments (variant A) - **`frag_bond{N}_hetero_neg_pos_{1,2}.xyz`**: Heterolytic anion/cation fragments (variant B)

## 5. Examples

| Example | Model | Cleavage | Notes | |:---|:---|:---|:---| | [`examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small/`](examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small/) | MACE-OFF23-small | `homolytic` | Standard homolytic BDE for ethanol; includes H bonds | | [`examples/methanol_mace_omol_both/`](examples/methanol_mace_omol_both/) | MACE-OMOL-extra-large | `both` | Homo + heterolytic for methanol; C–O hetero = 90 vs homo = 143 kcal/mol | | [`examples/methanol_uma_omol_both/`](examples/methanol_uma_omol_both/) | FairChem UMA omol | `both` | Homo + heterolytic for methanol; C–O hetero = 157 vs homo = 126 kcal/mol |

### Ethanol — Homolytic BDE (MACE-OFF23)

```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --include_h_bonds \ --cleavage homolytic \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OFF23-small \ --output_dir .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small ```

### Methanol — Both Homo and Heterolytic BDE (FairChem UMA omol)

```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CO \ --all_bonds \ --include_h_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/examples/methanol_uma_omol_both ```

Experimental BDEs for ethanol (Blanksby & Ellison, 2003): | Bond | Experimental BDE (kcal/mol) | |:---|:---| | O–H | ~104 | | C–H (methyl) | ~101 | | C–H (methylene) | ~95 | | C–C | ~85 | | C–O | ~92 |

## 6. Constraints

- **Radical spin states**: For homolytic BDE, MLIPs are generally "electron-agnostic" and treat fragments as neutral regardless of spin state. BDE **ranking** is typically more reliable than absolute values. - **Ionic states**: Heterolytic BDE requires a charge/spin-aware model (`supports_charge_spin=True`). Validated: **MACE-OMOL**, **MACE-MH** (omol head), and **FairChem UMA omol**. These models use `atoms.info["charge"]` and `atoms.info["spin"]` to condition on the ionic state. Models without this flag raise an error for `--cleavage heterolytic`. - **Ring bonds**: Breaking bonds in rings produces a single open-chain diradical. The script will warn and skip ring bonds. - **Accuracy**: Expect ~2–5 kcal/mol error for homolytic BDEs with MACE-OFF23. Heterolytic accuracy is less benchmarked with current MLIPs. - **Environments**: - `mace-agent` for MACE models - `fairchem-agent` for FairChem/UMA models

## References

- Blanksby & Ellison, "Bond Dissociation Energies of Organic Molecules", *Acc. Chem. Res.* **2003**, 36, 255. - St. John et al., "Prediction of organic homolytic bond dissociation enthalpies at near chemical accuracy with sub-second computational cost", *Nat. Commun.* **2020**, 11, 2328. (ALFABET) - Zubatyuk et al., "A Transferable MACE Potential for Open- and Closed-Shell Drug-Like Molecules", *J. Chem. Theory Comput.* **2024**.

---

**Author:** Bowen Deng **Contact:** [GitHub @learningmatter-mit](https://github.com/learningmatter-mit)

--- name: chem-bond-dissociation description: Calculate homolytic and heterolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for all single bonds in a molecule using MLIPs with RDKit fragmentation. category: [chemistry] ---

# Bond Dissociation Energy Skill

## Goal

Calculate the **homolytic** and/or **heterolytic** bond dissociation energy (BDE) for each single bond in a molecule using Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials (MLIPs).

**Homolytic BDE** (radical fragments): $$\text{BDE}_\text{homo}(A{-}B) = E(A\bullet) + E(B\bullet) - E(A{-}B)$$

**Heterolytic BDE** (ionic fragments, minimum over both polarity variants): $$\text{BDE}_\text{hetero}(A{-}B) = \min\!\bigl(E(A^+)+E(B^-),\; E(A^-)+E(B^+)\bigr) - E(A{-}B)$$

> [!IMPORTANT] > This skill computes BDEs by relaxing both the intact molecule and fragments with an MLIP. For purpose-trained GNN models that predict BDE directly from SMILES (MAE ~0.6 kcal/mol), consider [ALFABET](https://bde.ml.nrel.gov) or BonDNet instead.

## Background

BDE is a fundamental thermodynamic quantity that determines: - **Drug metabolism**: CYP450 enzymes abstract H from the weakest C–H bond - **Electrolyte stability**: Which bonds break first under electrochemical voltage - **Combustion chemistry**: Rate-determining bond-breaking steps in fuel oxidation - **Polymer degradation**: Weakest links in polymer backbone chains

A 2024 study (Zubatyuk et al., *JCTC*) demonstrated that MACE potentials achieve BDE RMSE of 1.37 kcal/mol for aliphatic C–H bonds in drug-like molecules, outperforming semi-empirical methods and ALFABET for BDE **ranking**.

## 1. Prerequisites

- **Conda Environment**: `mace-agent` (includes RDKit, ASE, and MACE) - **Input**: SMILES string or structure file (`.sdf`, `.mol2`) - **RDKit**: Required for bond identification and molecular fragmentation

## 2. Choosing a Foundation Potential

Refer to the [foundation-potentials skill](../ml-foundation-potentials/SKILL.md) for model selection.

> [!IMPORTANT] > **Model requirements by cleavage mode:** > > | Mode | Recommended model | `supports_charge_spin` | Validated? | > |:---|:---|:---|:---| > | `homolytic` | `MACE-OFF23-small/medium/large` | Not required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | **`MACE-OMOL-extra-large`** (env: `mace-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | **`MACE-MH-1`** with omol head (env: `mace-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | FairChem `uma-s-1p1` with `--task_name omol` (env: `fairchem-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > > **Setting charge/spin on MACE models:** use `atoms.info["charge"]` and `atoms.info["spin"]` > (the calculator's default `info_keys` maps `"charge"` → `total_charge` / `"spin"` → `total_spin`). > Both MACE-OMOL and MACE-MH use `joint_embedding` to condition the network on these scalars. > > If you request `--cleavage both` with a model that does **not** support charge/spin, > the skill will log a warning and silently fall back to homolytic-only. > Using `--cleavage heterolytic` with an unsupported model raises an error. > > **Note on single-atom fragments:** When a bond produces a bare H (or other single atom), > heterolytic BDE is automatically skipped — neither MACE nor FairChem UMA has signed > single-atom energies (only neutral H, C, N, O… are in the reference tables).

## 3. Calculation Workflow

### Step 1: Provide a molecule

```bash # SMILES input (most common) --smiles "CCO"

# Or from a structure file --structure molecule.sdf ```

### Step 2: Run BDE calculation

**Homolytic only** (default, no charge/spin needed): ```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage homolytic \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OFF23-small \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results ```

**Both homolytic and heterolytic** (MACE-OMOL): ```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OMOL-extra-large \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results_both ```

**Both homolytic and heterolytic** (FairChem UMA omol): ```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results_both ```

**Heterolytic only** with FairChem UMA: ```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage heterolytic \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_hetero ```

### Key Parameters

| Argument | Default | Description | |:---|:---|:---| | `--smiles` | — | SMILES string of the molecule | | `--structure` | — | Path to structure file (`.sdf`, `.mol2`) | | `--bond` | — | Specific bond as atom indices `"i-j"` (0-indexed) | | `--all_bonds` | `True` | Compute BDE for all single bonds | | `--include_h_bonds` | `False` | Include X–H bonds | | `--cleavage` | `homolytic` | `homolytic`, `heterolytic`, or `both` | | `--model_type` | `mace` | MLIP backend (`mace`, `fairchem`) | | `--model_name` | auto | Model checkpoint (default: `MACE-OFF23-small` for homolytic; `uma-s-1p1` for hetero/both) | | `--task_name` | — | Task head for multi-task models (e.g. `omol` for FairChem UMA) | | `--fmax` | `0.01` | Force convergence for relaxation (eV/Å) | | `--output_dir` | required | Output directory |

## 4. Output Files

- **`bde_results.json`** — Full results including: - `metadata`: model name, cleavage mode, `supports_charge_spin`, SMILES, etc. - `intact_energy_eV`: Energy of the relaxed intact molecule - `bonds`: List of per-bond results: - `bde_eV`, `bde_kJ_mol`, `bde_kcal_mol`: Homolytic BDE (if computed) - `heterolytic_bde_eV`, `heterolytic_bde_kJ_mol`, `heterolytic_bde_kcal_mol`: Best heterolytic BDE (if computed) - `heterolytic_best_variant`: Which polarity won (`"frag1+ / frag2-"` or `"frag1- / frag2+"`) - `heterolytic_variants`: Raw results for both polarity variants - `weakest_bond_homolytic`, `weakest_bond_heterolytic`: Summary of weakest bonds - `bonds_ranked_by_homolytic_bde`, `bonds_ranked_by_heterolytic_bde`: Sorted tables

- **`intact_relaxed.xyz`**: Relaxed intact molecule - **`frag_bond{N}_homo_{1,2}.xyz`**: Homolytic radical fragments - **`frag_bond{N}_hetero_pos_neg_{1,2}.xyz`**: Heterolytic cation/anion fragments (variant A) - **`frag_bond{N}_hetero_neg_pos_{1,2}.xyz`**: Heterolytic anion/cation fragments (variant B)

## 5. Examples

| Example | Model | Cleavage | Notes | |:---|:---|:---|:---| | [`examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small/`](examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small/) | MACE-OFF23-small | `homolytic` | Standard homolytic BDE for ethanol; includes H bonds | | [`examples/methanol_mace_omol_both/`](examples/methanol_mace_omol_both/) | MACE-OMOL-extra-large | `both` | Homo + heterolytic for methanol; C–O hetero = 90 vs homo = 143 kcal/mol | | [`examples/methanol_uma_omol_both/`](examples/methanol_uma_omol_both/) | FairChem UMA omol | `both` | Homo + heterolytic for methanol; C–O hetero = 157 vs homo = 126 kcal/mol |

### Ethanol — Homolytic BDE (MACE-OFF23)

```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --include_h_bonds \ --cleavage homolytic \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OFF23-small \ --output_dir .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small ```

### Methanol — Both Homo and Heterolytic BDE (FairChem UMA omol)

```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CO \ --all_bonds \ --include_h_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/examples/methanol_uma_omol_both ```

Experimental BDEs for ethanol (Blanksby & Ellison, 2003): | Bond | Experimental BDE (kcal/mol) | |:---|:---| | O–H | ~104 | | C–H (methyl) | ~101 | | C–H (methylene) | ~95 | | C–C | ~85 | | C–O | ~92 |

## 6. Constraints

- **Radical spin states**: For homolytic BDE, MLIPs are generally "electron-agnostic" and treat fragments as neutral regardless of spin state. BDE **ranking** is typically more reliable than absolute values. - **Ionic states**: Heterolytic BDE requires a charge/spin-aware model (`supports_charge_spin=True`). Validated: **MACE-OMOL**, **MACE-MH** (omol head), and **FairChem UMA omol**. These models use `atoms.info["charge"]` and `atoms.info["spin"]` to condition on the ionic state. Models without this flag raise an error for `--cleavage heterolytic`. - **Ring bonds**: Breaking bonds in rings produces a single open-chain diradical. The script will warn and skip ring bonds. - **Accuracy**: Expect ~2–5 kcal/mol error for homolytic BDEs with MACE-OFF23. Heterolytic accuracy is less benchmarked with current MLIPs. - **Environments**: - `mace-agent` for MACE models - `fairchem-agent` for FairChem/UMA models

## References

- Blanksby & Ellison, "Bond Dissociation Energies of Organic Molecules", *Acc. Chem. Res.* **2003**, 36, 255. - St. John et al., "Prediction of organic homolytic bond dissociation enthalpies at near chemical accuracy with sub-second computational cost", *Nat. Commun.* **2020**, 11, 2328. (ALFABET) - Zubatyuk et al., "A Transferable MACE Potential for Open- and Closed-Shell Drug-Like Molecules", *J. Chem. Theory Comput.* **2024**.

---

**Author:** Bowen Deng **Contact:** [GitHub @learningmatter-mit](https://github.com/learningmatter-mit)

--- name: chem-bond-dissociation description: Calculate homolytic and heterolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for all single bonds in a molecule using MLIPs with RDKit fragmentation. category: [chemistry] ---

# Bond Dissociation Energy Skill

## Goal

Calculate the **homolytic** and/or **heterolytic** bond dissociation energy (BDE) for each single bond in a molecule using Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials (MLIPs).

**Homolytic BDE** (radical fragments): $$\text{BDE}_\text{homo}(A{-}B) = E(A\bullet) + E(B\bullet) - E(A{-}B)$$

**Heterolytic BDE** (ionic fragments, minimum over both polarity variants): $$\text{BDE}_\text{hetero}(A{-}B) = \min\!\bigl(E(A^+)+E(B^-),\; E(A^-)+E(B^+)\bigr) - E(A{-}B)$$

> [!IMPORTANT] > This skill computes BDEs by relaxing both the intact molecule and fragments with an MLIP. For purpose-trained GNN models that predict BDE directly from SMILES (MAE ~0.6 kcal/mol), consider [ALFABET](https://bde.ml.nrel.gov) or BonDNet instead.

## Background

BDE is a fundamental thermodynamic quantity that determines: - **Drug metabolism**: CYP450 enzymes abstract H from the weakest C–H bond - **Electrolyte stability**: Which bonds break first under electrochemical voltage - **Combustion chemistry**: Rate-determining bond-breaking steps in fuel oxidation - **Polymer degradation**: Weakest links in polymer backbone chains

A 2024 study (Zubatyuk et al., *JCTC*) demonstrated that MACE potentials achieve BDE RMSE of 1.37 kcal/mol for aliphatic C–H bonds in drug-like molecules, outperforming semi-empirical methods and ALFABET for BDE **ranking**.

## 1. Prerequisites

- **Conda Environment**: `mace-agent` (includes RDKit, ASE, and MACE) - **Input**: SMILES string or structure file (`.sdf`, `.mol2`) - **RDKit**: Required for bond identification and molecular fragmentation

## 2. Choosing a Foundation Potential

Refer to the [foundation-potentials skill](../ml-foundation-potentials/SKILL.md) for model selection.

> [!IMPORTANT] > **Model requirements by cleavage mode:** > > | Mode | Recommended model | `supports_charge_spin` | Validated? | > |:---|:---|:---|:---| > | `homolytic` | `MACE-OFF23-small/medium/large` | Not required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | **`MACE-OMOL-extra-large`** (env: `mace-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | **`MACE-MH-1`** with omol head (env: `mace-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | FairChem `uma-s-1p1` with `--task_name omol` (env: `fairchem-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > > **Setting charge/spin on MACE models:** use `atoms.info["charge"]` and `atoms.info["spin"]` > (the calculator's default `info_keys` maps `"charge"` → `total_charge` / `"spin"` → `total_spin`). > Both MACE-OMOL and MACE-MH use `joint_embedding` to condition the network on these scalars. > > If you request `--cleavage both` with a model that does **not** support charge/spin, > the skill will log a warning and silently fall back to homolytic-only. > Using `--cleavage heterolytic` with an unsupported model raises an error. > > **Note on single-atom fragments:** When a bond produces a bare H (or other single atom), > heterolytic BDE is automatically skipped — neither MACE nor FairChem UMA has signed > single-atom energies (only neutral H, C, N, O… are in the reference tables).

## 3. Calculation Workflow

### Step 1: Provide a molecule

```bash # SMILES input (most common) --smiles "CCO"

# Or from a structure file --structure molecule.sdf ```

### Step 2: Run BDE calculation

**Homolytic only** (default, no charge/spin needed): ```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage homolytic \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OFF23-small \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results ```

**Both homolytic and heterolytic** (MACE-OMOL): ```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OMOL-extra-large \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results_both ```

**Both homolytic and heterolytic** (FairChem UMA omol): ```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results_both ```

**Heterolytic only** with FairChem UMA: ```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage heterolytic \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_hetero ```

### Key Parameters

| Argument | Default | Description | |:---|:---|:---| | `--smiles` | — | SMILES string of the molecule | | `--structure` | — | Path to structure file (`.sdf`, `.mol2`) | | `--bond` | — | Specific bond as atom indices `"i-j"` (0-indexed) | | `--all_bonds` | `True` | Compute BDE for all single bonds | | `--include_h_bonds` | `False` | Include X–H bonds | | `--cleavage` | `homolytic` | `homolytic`, `heterolytic`, or `both` | | `--model_type` | `mace` | MLIP backend (`mace`, `fairchem`) | | `--model_name` | auto | Model checkpoint (default: `MACE-OFF23-small` for homolytic; `uma-s-1p1` for hetero/both) | | `--task_name` | — | Task head for multi-task models (e.g. `omol` for FairChem UMA) | | `--fmax` | `0.01` | Force convergence for relaxation (eV/Å) | | `--output_dir` | required | Output directory |

## 4. Output Files

- **`bde_results.json`** — Full results including: - `metadata`: model name, cleavage mode, `supports_charge_spin`, SMILES, etc. - `intact_energy_eV`: Energy of the relaxed intact molecule - `bonds`: List of per-bond results: - `bde_eV`, `bde_kJ_mol`, `bde_kcal_mol`: Homolytic BDE (if computed) - `heterolytic_bde_eV`, `heterolytic_bde_kJ_mol`, `heterolytic_bde_kcal_mol`: Best heterolytic BDE (if computed) - `heterolytic_best_variant`: Which polarity won (`"frag1+ / frag2-"` or `"frag1- / frag2+"`) - `heterolytic_variants`: Raw results for both polarity variants - `weakest_bond_homolytic`, `weakest_bond_heterolytic`: Summary of weakest bonds - `bonds_ranked_by_homolytic_bde`, `bonds_ranked_by_heterolytic_bde`: Sorted tables

- **`intact_relaxed.xyz`**: Relaxed intact molecule - **`frag_bond{N}_homo_{1,2}.xyz`**: Homolytic radical fragments - **`frag_bond{N}_hetero_pos_neg_{1,2}.xyz`**: Heterolytic cation/anion fragments (variant A) - **`frag_bond{N}_hetero_neg_pos_{1,2}.xyz`**: Heterolytic anion/cation fragments (variant B)

## 5. Examples

| Example | Model | Cleavage | Notes | |:---|:---|:---|:---| | [`examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small/`](examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small/) | MACE-OFF23-small | `homolytic` | Standard homolytic BDE for ethanol; includes H bonds | | [`examples/methanol_mace_omol_both/`](examples/methanol_mace_omol_both/) | MACE-OMOL-extra-large | `both` | Homo + heterolytic for methanol; C–O hetero = 90 vs homo = 143 kcal/mol | | [`examples/methanol_uma_omol_both/`](examples/methanol_uma_omol_both/) | FairChem UMA omol | `both` | Homo + heterolytic for methanol; C–O hetero = 157 vs homo = 126 kcal/mol |

### Ethanol — Homolytic BDE (MACE-OFF23)

```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --include_h_bonds \ --cleavage homolytic \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OFF23-small \ --output_dir .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small ```

### Methanol — Both Homo and Heterolytic BDE (FairChem UMA omol)

```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CO \ --all_bonds \ --include_h_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/examples/methanol_uma_omol_both ```

Experimental BDEs for ethanol (Blanksby & Ellison, 2003): | Bond | Experimental BDE (kcal/mol) | |:---|:---| | O–H | ~104 | | C–H (methyl) | ~101 | | C–H (methylene) | ~95 | | C–C | ~85 | | C–O | ~92 |

## 6. Constraints

- **Radical spin states**: For homolytic BDE, MLIPs are generally "electron-agnostic" and treat fragments as neutral regardless of spin state. BDE **ranking** is typically more reliable than absolute values. - **Ionic states**: Heterolytic BDE requires a charge/spin-aware model (`supports_charge_spin=True`). Validated: **MACE-OMOL**, **MACE-MH** (omol head), and **FairChem UMA omol**. These models use `atoms.info["charge"]` and `atoms.info["spin"]` to condition on the ionic state. Models without this flag raise an error for `--cleavage heterolytic`. - **Ring bonds**: Breaking bonds in rings produces a single open-chain diradical. The script will warn and skip ring bonds. - **Accuracy**: Expect ~2–5 kcal/mol error for homolytic BDEs with MACE-OFF23. Heterolytic accuracy is less benchmarked with current MLIPs. - **Environments**: - `mace-agent` for MACE models - `fairchem-agent` for FairChem/UMA models

## References

- Blanksby & Ellison, "Bond Dissociation Energies of Organic Molecules", *Acc. Chem. Res.* **2003**, 36, 255. - St. John et al., "Prediction of organic homolytic bond dissociation enthalpies at near chemical accuracy with sub-second computational cost", *Nat. Commun.* **2020**, 11, 2328. (ALFABET) - Zubatyuk et al., "A Transferable MACE Potential for Open- and Closed-Shell Drug-Like Molecules", *J. Chem. Theory Comput.* **2024**.

---

**Author:** Bowen Deng **Contact:** [GitHub @learningmatter-mit](https://github.com/learningmatter-mit)

--- name: chem-bond-dissociation description: Calculate homolytic and heterolytic bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for all single bonds in a molecule using MLIPs with RDKit fragmentation. category: [chemistry] ---

# Bond Dissociation Energy Skill

## Goal

Calculate the **homolytic** and/or **heterolytic** bond dissociation energy (BDE) for each single bond in a molecule using Machine Learning Interatomic Potentials (MLIPs).

**Homolytic BDE** (radical fragments): $$\text{BDE}_\text{homo}(A{-}B) = E(A\bullet) + E(B\bullet) - E(A{-}B)$$

**Heterolytic BDE** (ionic fragments, minimum over both polarity variants): $$\text{BDE}_\text{hetero}(A{-}B) = \min\!\bigl(E(A^+)+E(B^-),\; E(A^-)+E(B^+)\bigr) - E(A{-}B)$$

> [!IMPORTANT] > This skill computes BDEs by relaxing both the intact molecule and fragments with an MLIP. For purpose-trained GNN models that predict BDE directly from SMILES (MAE ~0.6 kcal/mol), consider [ALFABET](https://bde.ml.nrel.gov) or BonDNet instead.

## Background

BDE is a fundamental thermodynamic quantity that determines: - **Drug metabolism**: CYP450 enzymes abstract H from the weakest C–H bond - **Electrolyte stability**: Which bonds break first under electrochemical voltage - **Combustion chemistry**: Rate-determining bond-breaking steps in fuel oxidation - **Polymer degradation**: Weakest links in polymer backbone chains

A 2024 study (Zubatyuk et al., *JCTC*) demonstrated that MACE potentials achieve BDE RMSE of 1.37 kcal/mol for aliphatic C–H bonds in drug-like molecules, outperforming semi-empirical methods and ALFABET for BDE **ranking**.

## 1. Prerequisites

- **Conda Environment**: `mace-agent` (includes RDKit, ASE, and MACE) - **Input**: SMILES string or structure file (`.sdf`, `.mol2`) - **RDKit**: Required for bond identification and molecular fragmentation

## 2. Choosing a Foundation Potential

Refer to the [foundation-potentials skill](../ml-foundation-potentials/SKILL.md) for model selection.

> [!IMPORTANT] > **Model requirements by cleavage mode:** > > | Mode | Recommended model | `supports_charge_spin` | Validated? | > |:---|:---|:---|:---| > | `homolytic` | `MACE-OFF23-small/medium/large` | Not required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | **`MACE-OMOL-extra-large`** (env: `mace-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | **`MACE-MH-1`** with omol head (env: `mace-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > | `heterolytic` or `both` | FairChem `uma-s-1p1` with `--task_name omol` (env: `fairchem-agent`) | ✅ Required | ✅ | > > **Setting charge/spin on MACE models:** use `atoms.info["charge"]` and `atoms.info["spin"]` > (the calculator's default `info_keys` maps `"charge"` → `total_charge` / `"spin"` → `total_spin`). > Both MACE-OMOL and MACE-MH use `joint_embedding` to condition the network on these scalars. > > If you request `--cleavage both` with a model that does **not** support charge/spin, > the skill will log a warning and silently fall back to homolytic-only. > Using `--cleavage heterolytic` with an unsupported model raises an error. > > **Note on single-atom fragments:** When a bond produces a bare H (or other single atom), > heterolytic BDE is automatically skipped — neither MACE nor FairChem UMA has signed > single-atom energies (only neutral H, C, N, O… are in the reference tables).

## 3. Calculation Workflow

### Step 1: Provide a molecule

```bash # SMILES input (most common) --smiles "CCO"

# Or from a structure file --structure molecule.sdf ```

### Step 2: Run BDE calculation

**Homolytic only** (default, no charge/spin needed): ```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage homolytic \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OFF23-small \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results ```

**Both homolytic and heterolytic** (MACE-OMOL): ```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OMOL-extra-large \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results_both ```

**Both homolytic and heterolytic** (FairChem UMA omol): ```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_results_both ```

**Heterolytic only** with FairChem UMA: ```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --cleavage heterolytic \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir research/my_folder/bde_hetero ```

### Key Parameters

| Argument | Default | Description | |:---|:---|:---| | `--smiles` | — | SMILES string of the molecule | | `--structure` | — | Path to structure file (`.sdf`, `.mol2`) | | `--bond` | — | Specific bond as atom indices `"i-j"` (0-indexed) | | `--all_bonds` | `True` | Compute BDE for all single bonds | | `--include_h_bonds` | `False` | Include X–H bonds | | `--cleavage` | `homolytic` | `homolytic`, `heterolytic`, or `both` | | `--model_type` | `mace` | MLIP backend (`mace`, `fairchem`) | | `--model_name` | auto | Model checkpoint (default: `MACE-OFF23-small` for homolytic; `uma-s-1p1` for hetero/both) | | `--task_name` | — | Task head for multi-task models (e.g. `omol` for FairChem UMA) | | `--fmax` | `0.01` | Force convergence for relaxation (eV/Å) | | `--output_dir` | required | Output directory |

## 4. Output Files

- **`bde_results.json`** — Full results including: - `metadata`: model name, cleavage mode, `supports_charge_spin`, SMILES, etc. - `intact_energy_eV`: Energy of the relaxed intact molecule - `bonds`: List of per-bond results: - `bde_eV`, `bde_kJ_mol`, `bde_kcal_mol`: Homolytic BDE (if computed) - `heterolytic_bde_eV`, `heterolytic_bde_kJ_mol`, `heterolytic_bde_kcal_mol`: Best heterolytic BDE (if computed) - `heterolytic_best_variant`: Which polarity won (`"frag1+ / frag2-"` or `"frag1- / frag2+"`) - `heterolytic_variants`: Raw results for both polarity variants - `weakest_bond_homolytic`, `weakest_bond_heterolytic`: Summary of weakest bonds - `bonds_ranked_by_homolytic_bde`, `bonds_ranked_by_heterolytic_bde`: Sorted tables

- **`intact_relaxed.xyz`**: Relaxed intact molecule - **`frag_bond{N}_homo_{1,2}.xyz`**: Homolytic radical fragments - **`frag_bond{N}_hetero_pos_neg_{1,2}.xyz`**: Heterolytic cation/anion fragments (variant A) - **`frag_bond{N}_hetero_neg_pos_{1,2}.xyz`**: Heterolytic anion/cation fragments (variant B)

## 5. Examples

| Example | Model | Cleavage | Notes | |:---|:---|:---|:---| | [`examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small/`](examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small/) | MACE-OFF23-small | `homolytic` | Standard homolytic BDE for ethanol; includes H bonds | | [`examples/methanol_mace_omol_both/`](examples/methanol_mace_omol_both/) | MACE-OMOL-extra-large | `both` | Homo + heterolytic for methanol; C–O hetero = 90 vs homo = 143 kcal/mol | | [`examples/methanol_uma_omol_both/`](examples/methanol_uma_omol_both/) | FairChem UMA omol | `both` | Homo + heterolytic for methanol; C–O hetero = 157 vs homo = 126 kcal/mol |

### Ethanol — Homolytic BDE (MACE-OFF23)

```bash # Env: mace-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CCO \ --all_bonds \ --include_h_bonds \ --cleavage homolytic \ --model_type mace \ --model_name MACE-OFF23-small \ --output_dir .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/examples/ethanol_mace_off23_small ```

### Methanol — Both Homo and Heterolytic BDE (FairChem UMA omol)

```bash # Env: fairchem-agent python .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/scripts/calculate_bde.py \ --smiles CO \ --all_bonds \ --include_h_bonds \ --cleavage both \ --model_type fairchem \ --model_name uma-s-1p1 \ --task_name omol \ --output_dir .agents/skills/chem-bond-dissociation/examples/methanol_uma_omol_both ```

Experimental BDEs for ethanol (Blanksby & Ellison, 2003): | Bond | Experimental BDE (kcal/mol) | |:---|:---| | O–H | ~104 | | C–H (methyl) | ~101 | | C–H (methylene) | ~95 | | C–C | ~85 | | C–O | ~92 |

## 6. Constraints

- **Radical spin states**: For homolytic BDE, MLIPs are generally "electron-agnostic" and treat fragments as neutral regardless of spin state. BDE **ranking** is typically more reliable than absolute values. - **Ionic states**: Heterolytic BDE requires a charge/spin-aware model (`supports_charge_spin=True`). Validated: **MACE-OMOL**, **MACE-MH** (omol head), and **FairChem UMA omol**. These models use `atoms.info["charge"]` and `atoms.info["spin"]` to condition on the ionic state. Models without this flag raise an error for `--cleavage heterolytic`. - **Ring bonds**: Breaking bonds in rings produces a single open-chain diradical. The script will warn and skip ring bonds. - **Accuracy**: Expect ~2–5 kcal/mol error for homolytic BDEs with MACE-OFF23. Heterolytic accuracy is less benchmarked with current MLIPs. - **Environments**: - `mace-agent` for MACE models - `fairchem-agent` for FairChem/UMA models

## References

- Blanksby & Ellison, "Bond Dissociation Energies of Organic Molecules", *Acc. Chem. Res.* **2003**, 36, 255. - St. John et al., "Prediction of organic homolytic bond dissociation enthalpies at near chemical accuracy with sub-second computational cost", *Nat. Commun.* **2020**, 11, 2328. (ALFABET) - Zubatyuk et al., "A Transferable MACE Potential for Open- and Closed-Shell Drug-Like Molecules", *J. Chem. Theory Comput.* **2024**.

---

**Author:** Bowen Deng **Contact:** [GitHub @learningmatter-mit](https://github.com/learningmatter-mit)