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sqlalchemy
Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper (ORM). Use when working with databases in Python, defining models, building queries, managing sessions, or interacting with SQL databases using Python objects.
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Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper (ORM). Use when working with databases in Python, defining models, building queries, managing sessions, or interacting with SQL databases using Python objects.
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SQLAlchemy Skill
SQLAlchemy is the Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper that provides the full power and flexibility of SQL. It consists of two main components: Core (SQL Expression Language) and ORM (Object Relational Mapper).
When to Use This Skill
Use SQLAlchemy when:
- Working with relational databases in Python
- Defining database models as Python classes
- Building SQL queries programmatically
- Managing database transactions and sessions
- Mapping Python objects to database tables
- Need database-agnostic code that works across PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, etc.
Installation
pip install sqlalchemy
# For async support
pip install sqlalchemy[asyncio]
Architecture Overview
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SQLAlchemy ORM │
│ (Declarative Mapping, Session, Relationships, Unit of Work)│
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ SQLAlchemy Core │
│ (SQL Expression Language, Engine, Connection Pool) │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ DBAPI │
│ (psycopg2, pymysql, sqlite3, etc.) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Engine and Connection
The Engine is the starting point for SQLAlchemy applications:
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
# SQLite (in-memory)
engine = create_engine("sqlite://", echo=True)
# SQLite (file-based)
engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
# PostgreSQL
engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@localhost/dbname")
# MySQL
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://user:password@localhost/dbname")
# Connection pool settings
engine = create_engine(
"postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@localhost/dbname",
pool_size=5, # Number of connections to keep open
max_overflow=10, # Additional connections allowed
pool_timeout=30, # Seconds to wait for connection
pool_recycle=1800, # Recycle connections after N seconds
)
Using Connections Directly (Core)
from sqlalchemy import text
with engine.connect() as conn:
result = conn.execute(text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = :id"), {"id": 1})
for row in result:
print(row)
# For write operations, commit explicitly
conn.execute(text("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (:name)"), {"name": "Alice"})
conn.commit()
ORM Declarative Mapping
from datetime import datetime
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey, String, func
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column, relationship
class Base(DeclarativeBase):
pass
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = "user_account"
# Primary key with auto-increment
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
# Required string column with max length
name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(30))
# Optional column (nullable)
fullname: Mapped[Optional[str]]
# Column with default value
created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(default=func.now())
# One-to-many relationship
addresses: Mapped[List["Address"]] = relationship(
back_populates="user",
cascade="all, delete-orphan"
)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"User(id={self.id!r}, name={self.name!r})"
class Address(Base):
__tablename__ = "address"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
email_address: Mapped[str]
user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user_account.id"))
# Many-to-one relationship (back reference)
user: Mapped["User"] = relationship(back_populates="addresses")
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"Address(id={self.id!r}, email_address={self.email_address!r})"
Type Annotation Guide
| Python Type | SQL Type | Nullable |
|---|---|---|
Mapped[int] | INTEGER | NOT NULL |
Mapped[Optional[int]] | INTEGER | NULL |
Mapped[str] | VARCHAR | NOT NULL |
Mapped[Optional[str]] | VARCHAR | NULL |
Mapped[bool] | BOOLEAN | NOT NULL |
Mapped[datetime] | DATETIME | NOT NULL |
Mapped[float] | FLOAT | NOT NULL |
Mapped[bytes] | BLOB/BYTEA | NOT NULL |
Creating Tables
# Create all tables defined in Base.metadata
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
# Drop all tables
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
Session and CRUD Operations
Session Basics
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, sessionmaker
# Option 1: Direct Session usage
with Session(engine) as session:
# ... operations
session.commit()
# Option 2: Using sessionmaker (recommended for applications)
SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
with SessionFactory() as session:
# ... operations
session.commit()
# Option 3: With explicit begin/commit/rollback
with Session(engine) as session:
with session.begin():
# Automatically commits on success, rolls back on exception
session.add(some_object)
Create (INSERT)
with Session(engine) as session:
# Create single object
user = User(name="alice", fullname="Alice Smith")
session.add(user)
# Create with related objects
user_with_addresses = User(
name="bob",
fullname="Bob Jones",
addresses=[
Address(email_address="bob@example.com"),
Address(email_address="bob@work.com"),
]
)
session.add(user_with_addresses)
# Add multiple objects
session.add_all([
User(name="carol"),
User(name="dave"),
])
session.commit()
Read (SELECT)
from sqlalchemy import select
with Session(engine) as session:
# Get by primary key
user = session.get(User, 1)
# Select all
stmt = select(User)
users = session.scalars(stmt).all()
# Select with filter
stmt = select(User).where(User.name == "alice")
alice = session.scalars(stmt).first()
# Select with multiple conditions
stmt = select(User).where(
User.name.like("a%"),
User.id > 5
)
# Select specific columns
stmt = select(User.name, User.fullname)
rows = session.execute(stmt).all()
for name, fullname in rows:
print(f"{name}: {fullname}")
# Order by
stmt = select(User).order_by(User.name.desc())
# Limit and offset
stmt = select(User).limit(10).offset(20)
# Count
from sqlalchemy import func
stmt = select(func.count()).select_from(User)
count = session.scalar(stmt)
Update
with Session(engine) as session:
# Update via ORM (load then modify)
user = session.get(User, 1)
user.fullname = "Alice Johnson"
session.commit()
# Bulk update
from sqlalchemy import update
stmt = update(User).where(User.name == "alice").values(fullname="Alice Updated")
session.execute(stmt)
session.commit()
Delete
with Session(engine) as session:
# Delete via ORM
user = session.get(User, 1)
session.delete(user)
session.commit()
# Bulk delete
from sqlalchemy import delete
stmt = delete(User).where(User.name == "alice")
session.execute(stmt)
session.commit()
Relationships
One-to-Many / Many-to-One
class Parent(Base):
__tablename__ = "parent"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
children: Mapped[List["Child"]] = relationship(back_populates="parent")
class Child(Base):
__tablename__ = "child"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
parent_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("parent.id"))
parent: Mapped["Parent"] = relationship(back_populates="children")
One-to-One
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = "user"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
profile: Mapped["Profile"] = relationship(back_populates="user", uselist=False)
class Profile(Base):
__tablename__ = "profile"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user.id"), unique=True)
user: Mapped["User"] = relationship(back_populates="profile")
Many-to-Many
from sqlalchemy import Column, Table
# Association table (no ORM class needed)
association_table = Table(
"association",
Base.metadata,
Column("left_id", ForeignKey("left.id"), primary_key=True),
Column("right_id", ForeignKey("right.id"), primary_key=True),
)
class Left(Base):
__tablename__ = "left"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
rights: Mapped[List["Right"]] = relationship(
secondary=association_table,
back_populates="lefts"
)
class Right(Base):
__tablename__ = "right"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
lefts: Mapped[List["Left"]] = relationship(
secondary=association_table,
back_populates="rights"
)
Association Object (Many-to-Many with extra data)
class Association(Base):
__tablename__ = "association"
left_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("left.id"), primary_key=True)
right_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("right.id"), primary_key=True)
extra_data: Mapped[Optional[str]]
left: Mapped["Left"] = relationship(back_populates="right_associations")
right: Mapped["Right"] = relationship(back_populates="left_associations")
class Left(Base):
__tablename__ = "left"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
right_associations: Mapped[List["Association"]] = relationship(back_populates="left")
class Right(Base):
__tablename__ = "right"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
left_associations: Mapped[List["Association"]] = relationship(back_populates="right")
Loading Strategies
Lazy Loading (Default)
# Lazy loading - queries database when attribute is accessed
user = session.get(User, 1)
# SELECT ... FROM user WHERE id = 1
addresses = user.addresses # N+1 query problem!
# SELECT ... FROM address WHERE user_id = 1
Eager Loading with joinedload
from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload
# Load user and addresses in single query using JOIN
stmt = select(User).options(joinedload(User.addresses)).where(User.id == 1)
user = session.scalars(stmt).unique().first()
# SELECT ... FROM user LEFT OUTER JOIN address ON ...
Eager Loading with selectinload (Recommended)
from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload
# Load users, then load all addresses with IN clause
stmt = select(User).options(selectinload(User.addresses))
users = session.scalars(stmt).all()
# SELECT ... FROM user
# SELECT ... FROM address WHERE user_id IN (1, 2, 3, ...)
Raise on Lazy Load (Prevent N+1)
from sqlalchemy.orm import raiseload
# Raise error if lazy loading is attempted
stmt = select(User).options(raiseload(User.addresses))
user = session.scalars(stmt).first()
user.addresses # Raises InvalidRequestError
Setting Default Loading Strategy
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = "user"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
# Always eager load addresses
addresses: Mapped[List["Address"]] = relationship(lazy="selection")
Joins and Complex Queries
from sqlalchemy import select, and_, or_, func
# Explicit JOIN
stmt = (
select(User, Address)
.join(Address, User.id == Address.user_id)
.where(User.name == "alice")
)
# JOIN using relationship
stmt = (
select(
Metadatos del archivo
name: sqlalchemy description: Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper (ORM). Use when working with databases in Python, defining models, building queries, managing sessions, or interacting with SQL databases using Python objects. license: MIT
Ver texto original
---
name: sqlalchemy
description: Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper (ORM). Use when working with databases in Python, defining models, building queries, managing sessions, or interacting with SQL databases using Python objects.
license: MIT
---
# SQLAlchemy Skill
SQLAlchemy is the Python SQL toolkit and Object Relational Mapper that provides the full power and flexibility of SQL. It consists of two main components: **Core** (SQL Expression Language) and **ORM** (Object Relational Mapper).
## When to Use This Skill
Use SQLAlchemy when:
- Working with relational databases in Python
- Defining database models as Python classes
- Building SQL queries programmatically
- Managing database transactions and sessions
- Mapping Python objects to database tables
- Need database-agnostic code that works across PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, etc.
## Installation
```bash
pip install sqlalchemy
# For async support
pip install sqlalchemy[asyncio]
```
## Architecture Overview
```
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SQLAlchemy ORM │
│ (Declarative Mapping, Session, Relationships, Unit of Work)│
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ SQLAlchemy Core │
│ (SQL Expression Language, Engine, Connection Pool) │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ DBAPI │
│ (psycopg2, pymysql, sqlite3, etc.) │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
```
## Engine and Connection
The Engine is the starting point for SQLAlchemy applications:
```python
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
# SQLite (in-memory)
engine = create_engine("sqlite://", echo=True)
# SQLite (file-based)
engine = create_engine("sqlite:///mydatabase.db")
# PostgreSQL
engine = create_engine("postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@localhost/dbname")
# MySQL
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://user:password@localhost/dbname")
# Connection pool settings
engine = create_engine(
"postgresql+psycopg2://user:password@localhost/dbname",
pool_size=5, # Number of connections to keep open
max_overflow=10, # Additional connections allowed
pool_timeout=30, # Seconds to wait for connection
pool_recycle=1800, # Recycle connections after N seconds
)
```
### Using Connections Directly (Core)
```python
from sqlalchemy import text
with engine.connect() as conn:
result = conn.execute(text("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = :id"), {"id": 1})
for row in result:
print(row)
# For write operations, commit explicitly
conn.execute(text("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (:name)"), {"name": "Alice"})
conn.commit()
```
## ORM Declarative Mapping
```python
from datetime import datetime
from typing import List, Optional
from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey, String, func
from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column, relationship
class Base(DeclarativeBase):
pass
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = "user_account"
# Primary key with auto-increment
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
# Required string column with max length
name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(30))
# Optional column (nullable)
fullname: Mapped[Optional[str]]
# Column with default value
created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(default=func.now())
# One-to-many relationship
addresses: Mapped[List["Address"]] = relationship(
back_populates="user",
cascade="all, delete-orphan"
)
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"User(id={self.id!r}, name={self.name!r})"
class Address(Base):
__tablename__ = "address"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
email_address: Mapped[str]
user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user_account.id"))
# Many-to-one relationship (back reference)
user: Mapped["User"] = relationship(back_populates="addresses")
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"Address(id={self.id!r}, email_address={self.email_address!r})"
```
### Type Annotation Guide
| Python Type | SQL Type | Nullable |
|-------------|----------|----------|
| `Mapped[int]` | INTEGER | NOT NULL |
| `Mapped[Optional[int]]` | INTEGER | NULL |
| `Mapped[str]` | VARCHAR | NOT NULL |
| `Mapped[Optional[str]]` | VARCHAR | NULL |
| `Mapped[bool]` | BOOLEAN | NOT NULL |
| `Mapped[datetime]` | DATETIME | NOT NULL |
| `Mapped[float]` | FLOAT | NOT NULL |
| `Mapped[bytes]` | BLOB/BYTEA | NOT NULL |
### Creating Tables
```python
# Create all tables defined in Base.metadata
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
# Drop all tables
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
```
## Session and CRUD Operations
### Session Basics
```python
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session, sessionmaker
# Option 1: Direct Session usage
with Session(engine) as session:
# ... operations
session.commit()
# Option 2: Using sessionmaker (recommended for applications)
SessionFactory = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
with SessionFactory() as session:
# ... operations
session.commit()
# Option 3: With explicit begin/commit/rollback
with Session(engine) as session:
with session.begin():
# Automatically commits on success, rolls back on exception
session.add(some_object)
```
### Create (INSERT)
```python
with Session(engine) as session:
# Create single object
user = User(name="alice", fullname="Alice Smith")
session.add(user)
# Create with related objects
user_with_addresses = User(
name="bob",
fullname="Bob Jones",
addresses=[
Address(email_address="bob@example.com"),
Address(email_address="bob@work.com"),
]
)
session.add(user_with_addresses)
# Add multiple objects
session.add_all([
User(name="carol"),
User(name="dave"),
])
session.commit()
```
### Read (SELECT)
```python
from sqlalchemy import select
with Session(engine) as session:
# Get by primary key
user = session.get(User, 1)
# Select all
stmt = select(User)
users = session.scalars(stmt).all()
# Select with filter
stmt = select(User).where(User.name == "alice")
alice = session.scalars(stmt).first()
# Select with multiple conditions
stmt = select(User).where(
User.name.like("a%"),
User.id > 5
)
# Select specific columns
stmt = select(User.name, User.fullname)
rows = session.execute(stmt).all()
for name, fullname in rows:
print(f"{name}: {fullname}")
# Order by
stmt = select(User).order_by(User.name.desc())
# Limit and offset
stmt = select(User).limit(10).offset(20)
# Count
from sqlalchemy import func
stmt = select(func.count()).select_from(User)
count = session.scalar(stmt)
```
### Update
```python
with Session(engine) as session:
# Update via ORM (load then modify)
user = session.get(User, 1)
user.fullname = "Alice Johnson"
session.commit()
# Bulk update
from sqlalchemy import update
stmt = update(User).where(User.name == "alice").values(fullname="Alice Updated")
session.execute(stmt)
session.commit()
```
### Delete
```python
with Session(engine) as session:
# Delete via ORM
user = session.get(User, 1)
session.delete(user)
session.commit()
# Bulk delete
from sqlalchemy import delete
stmt = delete(User).where(User.name == "alice")
session.execute(stmt)
session.commit()
```
## Relationships
### One-to-Many / Many-to-One
```python
class Parent(Base):
__tablename__ = "parent"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
children: Mapped[List["Child"]] = relationship(back_populates="parent")
class Child(Base):
__tablename__ = "child"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
parent_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("parent.id"))
parent: Mapped["Parent"] = relationship(back_populates="children")
```
### One-to-One
```python
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = "user"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
profile: Mapped["Profile"] = relationship(back_populates="user", uselist=False)
class Profile(Base):
__tablename__ = "profile"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
user_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("user.id"), unique=True)
user: Mapped["User"] = relationship(back_populates="profile")
```
### Many-to-Many
```python
from sqlalchemy import Column, Table
# Association table (no ORM class needed)
association_table = Table(
"association",
Base.metadata,
Column("left_id", ForeignKey("left.id"), primary_key=True),
Column("right_id", ForeignKey("right.id"), primary_key=True),
)
class Left(Base):
__tablename__ = "left"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
rights: Mapped[List["Right"]] = relationship(
secondary=association_table,
back_populates="lefts"
)
class Right(Base):
__tablename__ = "right"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
lefts: Mapped[List["Left"]] = relationship(
secondary=association_table,
back_populates="rights"
)
```
### Association Object (Many-to-Many with extra data)
```python
class Association(Base):
__tablename__ = "association"
left_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("left.id"), primary_key=True)
right_id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("right.id"), primary_key=True)
extra_data: Mapped[Optional[str]]
left: Mapped["Left"] = relationship(back_populates="right_associations")
right: Mapped["Right"] = relationship(back_populates="left_associations")
class Left(Base):
__tablename__ = "left"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
right_associations: Mapped[List["Association"]] = relationship(back_populates="left")
class Right(Base):
__tablename__ = "right"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
left_associations: Mapped[List["Association"]] = relationship(back_populates="right")
```
## Loading Strategies
### Lazy Loading (Default)
```python
# Lazy loading - queries database when attribute is accessed
user = session.get(User, 1)
# SELECT ... FROM user WHERE id = 1
addresses = user.addresses # N+1 query problem!
# SELECT ... FROM address WHERE user_id = 1
```
### Eager Loading with joinedload
```python
from sqlalchemy.orm import joinedload
# Load user and addresses in single query using JOIN
stmt = select(User).options(joinedload(User.addresses)).where(User.id == 1)
user = session.scalars(stmt).unique().first()
# SELECT ... FROM user LEFT OUTER JOIN address ON ...
```
### Eager Loading with selectinload (Recommended)
```python
from sqlalchemy.orm import selectinload
# Load users, then load all addresses with IN clause
stmt = select(User).options(selectinload(User.addresses))
users = session.scalars(stmt).all()
# SELECT ... FROM user
# SELECT ... FROM address WHERE user_id IN (1, 2, 3, ...)
```
### Raise on Lazy Load (Prevent N+1)
```python
from sqlalchemy.orm import raiseload
# Raise error if lazy loading is attempted
stmt = select(User).options(raiseload(User.addresses))
user = session.scalars(stmt).first()
user.addresses # Raises InvalidRequestError
```
### Setting Default Loading Strategy
```python
class User(Base):
__tablename__ = "user"
id: Mapped[int] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
# Always eager load addresses
addresses: Mapped[List["Address"]] = relationship(lazy="selection")
```
## Joins and Complex Queries
```python
from sqlalchemy import select, and_, or_, func
# Explicit JOIN
stmt = (
select(User, Address)
.join(Address, User.id == Address.user_id)
.where(User.name == "alice")
)
# JOIN using relationship
stmt = (
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- Low GitHub adoption signal
- Falta aprobación de revisión por IA
- Financial research output is not financial advice; require human review before any live investment decision.
- Quality score needs review
- Permission surface needs review: secrets or environment access, shell or command execution
- GitHub adoption: 24 GitHub stars
- Stars/forks activity: 24 stars, 10 forks; issue activity unavailable in current metadata
- Dependency/runtime risk: command execution surface, credential or environment access
- Permission surface: secrets or environment access, shell or command execution
- Verified installs
- —
- Resultados
- —
Copiar no es instalar. Los recuentos requieren un informe de instalación correcta, no garantizan calidad general.
Acceso para agentes
La API Registry expone señales de decisión, confianza, auditoría, casos de uso e instalación sin raspar la interfaz.
Más detalles
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"permissionSurface": "secrets or environment access, shell or command execution",
"documentation": "Strong README/SKILL.md context",
"agentOutcomes": "No agent outcome data yet"
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"Financial research output is not financial advice; require human review before any live investment decision",
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],
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}Para el creador
Fuente de la ficha
Indexado por Registry
Esta ficha se indexó desde fuentes públicas y no está marcada como oficial hasta que se apruebe una reclamación de mantenedor.
- Creador
- pavelzw
- Fuente
- pavelzw/skill-forge
- Indexado por
- Índice comunitario de OpenAgentSkill
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