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adding-dbt-unit-test
Creates unit test YAML definitions that mock upstream model inputs and validate expected outputs. Use when adding unit tests for a dbt model or practicing test-driven development (TDD) in dbt.
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Creates unit test YAML definitions that mock upstream model inputs and validate expected outputs. Use when adding unit tests for a dbt model or practicing test-driven development (TDD) in dbt.
Creates unit test YAML definitions that mock upstream model inputs and validate expected outputs. Use when adding unit tests for a dbt model or practicing test-driven development (TDD) in dbt.
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dbt unit tests validate SQL modeling logic on static inputs before materializing in production. If any unit test for a model fails, dbt will not materialize that model.
You should unit test a model:
More examples:
case when statements when there are many whensCases we don't recommend creating unit tests for:
min(), etc.dbt unit test uses a trio of the model, given inputs, and expected outputs (Model-Inputs-Outputs):
model - when building this modelgiven inputs - given a set of source, seeds, and models as preconditionsexpect output - then expect this row content of the model as a postconditionSelf explanatory -- the title says it all!
format if different than the default (YAML dict).
formats for unit tests" section below to determine which format to use.Tip: Use dbt show to explore existing data from upstream models or sources. This helps you understand realistic input structures. However, always sanitize the sample data to remove any sensitive or PII information before using it in your unit test fixtures.
# Preview upstream model data
dbt show --select upstream_model --limit 5
format if different than the default (YAML dict).
formats for unit tests" section below to determine which format to use.Unit tests require direct parent models to exist in the warehouse. Before running unit tests standalone (dbt test), verify that upstream models already exist first:
# Check if upstream models exist in the warehouse
dbt list --select +my_model --exclude my_model --resource-type model
# Then verify the tables/views actually exist in the warehouse via dbt show or your SQL client
dbt show --select upstream_model --limit 1
If upstream models do not exist, or exist but have been modified and not yet refreshed, build them using --empty to create schema-only versions:
# Build upstream models cheaply (schema only, no data read)
dbt run --select +my_model --exclude my_model --empty
Warning:
--emptyoverwrites existing models with schema-only (zero-row) versions. Only use it when models don't exist yet, or when schema changes need to be applied. Do not use it if upstream models contain data you want to preserve — it will wipe that data.
Skip this step if using dbt build --select my_model (recommended) — it handles the full pipeline including unit tests.
Suppose you have this model:
-- models/hello_world.sql
select 'world' as hello
Minimal unit test for that model:
# models/_properties.yml
unit_tests:
- name: test_hello_world
# Always only one transformation to test
model: hello_world
# No inputs needed this time!
# Most unit tests will have inputs -- see the "real world example" section below
given: []
# Expected output can have zero to many rows
expect:
rows:
- {hello: world}
Run the unit tests, build the model, and run the data tests for the hello_world model:
dbt build --select hello_world
This saves on warehouse spend as the model will only be materialized and move on to the data tests if the unit tests pass successfully.
Or only run the unit tests without building the model or running the data tests:
dbt test --select "hello_world,test_type:unit"
Or choose a specific unit test by name:
dbt test --select test_is_valid_email_address
dbt Labs strongly recommends only running unit tests in development or CI environments. Since the inputs of the unit tests are static, there's no need to use additional compute cycles running them in production. Use them when doing development for a test-driven approach and CI to ensure changes don't break them.
Use the --resource-type flag --exclude-resource-type or the DBT_EXCLUDE_RESOURCE_TYPES environment variable to exclude unit tests from your production builds and save compute.
unit_tests:
- name: test_order_items_count_drink_items_with_zero_drinks
description: >
Scenario: Order without any drinks
When the `order_items_summary` table is built
Given an order with nothing but 1 food item
Then the count of drink items is 0
# Model
model: order_items_summary
# Inputs
given:
- input: ref('order_items')
rows:
- {
order_id: 76,
order_item_id: 3,
is_drink_item: false,
}
- input: ref('stg_orders')
rows:
- { order_id: 76 }
# Output
expect:
rows:
- {
order_id: 76,
count_drink_items: 0,
}
For more examples of unit tests, see references/examples.md
materialized view materialization.expect output for final state of the database table after inserting/merging for incremental models.expect output for what will be merged/inserted for incremental models.model-paths directory (models/ by default)test-paths directory (tests/fixtures by default)ref or source model references in the unit test configuration as inputs to avoid "node not found" errors during compilation.format: sql for the ephemeral model input.join logicUse inputs in your unit tests to reference a specific model or source for the test:
input:, use a string that represents a ref or source call:
ref('my_model') or ref('my_model', v='2') or ref('dougs_project', 'users')source('source_schema', 'source_name')rows: []
ref or source dependency, but its values are irrelevant to this particular unit test. Just beware if the model has a join on that input that would cause rows to drop out!models/schema.yml
unit_tests:
- name: test_is_valid_email_address # this is the unique name of the test
model: dim_customers # name of the model I'm unit testing
given: # the mock data for your inputs
- input: ref('stg_customers')
rows:
- {email: cool@example.com, email_top_level_domain: example.com}
- {email: cool@unknown.com, email_top_level_domain: unknown.com}
- {email: badgmail.com, email_top_level_domain: gmail.com}
- {email: missingdot@gmailcom, email_top_level_domain: gmail.com}
- input: ref('top_level_email_domains')
rows:
- {tld: example.com}
- {tld: gmail.com}
- input: ref('irrelevant_dependency') # dependency that we need to acknowlege, but does not need any data
rows: []
...
formats for unit testsdict is the default format — always start hereUnless you have a specific reason to use another format, use dict (inline YAML). It is the default when format: is omitted.
name: adding-dbt-unit-test description: Creates unit test YAML definitions that mock upstream model inputs and validate expected outputs. Use when adding unit tests for a dbt model or practicing test-driven development (TDD) in dbt. user-invocable: false metadata: author: dbt-labs
---
name: adding-dbt-unit-test
description: Creates unit test YAML definitions that mock upstream model inputs and validate expected outputs. Use when adding unit tests for a dbt model or practicing test-driven development (TDD) in dbt.
user-invocable: false
metadata:
author: dbt-labs
---
# Add unit test for a dbt model
## Additional Resources
- [Spec Reference](references/spec.md) - All required and optional YAML keys for unit tests
- [Examples](references/examples.md) - Unit test examples across formats (dict, csv, sql)
- [Incremental Models](references/special-cases-incremental-model.md) - Unit testing incremental models
- [Ephemeral Dependencies](references/special-cases-ephemeral-dependency.md) - Unit testing models depending on ephemeral models
- [Special Case Overrides](references/special-cases-special-case-overrides.md) - Introspective macros, project variables, environment variables
- [Versioned Models](references/special-cases-versioned-model.md) - Unit testing versioned SQL models
- [BigQuery Caveats](references/warehouse-bigquery-caveats.md) - BigQuery-specific caveats
- [BigQuery Data Types](references/warehouse-bigquery-data-types.md) - BigQuery data type handling
- [Postgres Data Types](references/warehouse-postgres-data-types.md) - Postgres data type handling
- [Redshift Caveats](references/warehouse-redshift-caveats.md) - Redshift-specific caveats
- [Redshift Data Types](references/warehouse-redshift-data-types.md) - Redshift data type handling
- [Snowflake Data Types](references/warehouse-snowflake-data-types.md) - Snowflake data type handling
- [Spark Data Types](references/warehouse-spark-data-types.md) - Spark data type handling
## What are unit tests in dbt
dbt unit tests validate SQL modeling logic on static inputs before materializing in production. If any unit test for a model fails, dbt will not materialize that model.
## When to use
You should unit test a model:
- Adding Model-Input-Output scenarios for the intended functionality of the model as well as edge cases to prevent regressions if the model logic is changed at a later date.
- Verifying that a bug fix solves a bug report for an existing dbt model.
More examples:
- When your SQL contains complex logic:
- Regex
- Date math
- Window functions
- `case when` statements when there are many `when`s
- Truncation
- Complex joins (multiple joins, self-joins, or joins with non-trivial conditions)
- When you're writing custom logic to process input data, similar to creating a function.
- Logic for which you had bugs reported before.
- Edge cases not yet seen in your actual data that you want to be confident you are handling properly.
- Prior to refactoring the transformation logic (especially if the refactor is significant).
- Models with high "criticality" (public, contracted models or models directly upstream of an exposure).
## When not to use
Cases we don't recommend creating unit tests for:
- Built-in functions that are tested extensively by the warehouse provider. If an unexpected issue arises, it's more likely a result of issues in the underlying data rather than the function itself. Therefore, fixture data in the unit test won't provide valuable information.
- common SQL spec functions like `min()`, etc.
## General format
dbt unit test uses a trio of the model, given inputs, and expected outputs (Model-Inputs-Outputs):
1. `model` - when building this model
2. `given` inputs - given a set of source, seeds, and models as preconditions
3. `expect` output - then expect this row content of the model as a postcondition
### Workflow
### 1. Choose the model to test
Self explanatory -- the title says it all!
### 2. Mock the inputs
- Create an input for each of the nodes the model depends on.
- Specify the mock data it should use.
- Specify the `format` if different than the default (YAML `dict`).
- See the "Data `format`s for unit tests" section below to determine which `format` to use.
- The mock data only needs include the subset of columns used within this test case.
**Tip:** Use `dbt show` to explore existing data from upstream models or sources. This helps you understand realistic input structures. However, always sanitize the sample data to remove any sensitive or PII information before using it in your unit test fixtures.
```shell
# Preview upstream model data
dbt show --select upstream_model --limit 5
```
### 3. Mock the output
- Specify the data that you expect the model to create given those inputs.
- Specify the `format` if different than the default (YAML `dict`).
- See the "Data `format`s for unit tests" section below to determine which `format` to use.
- The mock data only needs include the subset of columns used within this test case.
### 4. Ensure upstream models exist before running
**Unit tests require direct parent models to exist in the warehouse.** Before running unit tests standalone (`dbt test`), verify that upstream models already exist first:
```bash
# Check if upstream models exist in the warehouse
dbt list --select +my_model --exclude my_model --resource-type model
# Then verify the tables/views actually exist in the warehouse via dbt show or your SQL client
dbt show --select upstream_model --limit 1
```
If upstream models **do not exist**, or **exist but have been modified and not yet refreshed**, build them using `--empty` to create schema-only versions:
```bash
# Build upstream models cheaply (schema only, no data read)
dbt run --select +my_model --exclude my_model --empty
```
> **Warning:** `--empty` overwrites existing models with schema-only (zero-row) versions. Only use it when models don't exist yet, or when schema changes need to be applied. Do not use it if upstream models contain data you want to preserve — it will wipe that data.
Skip this step if using `dbt build --select my_model` (recommended) — it handles the full pipeline including unit tests.
## Minimal unit test
Suppose you have this model:
```sql
-- models/hello_world.sql
select 'world' as hello
```
Minimal unit test for that model:
```yaml
# models/_properties.yml
unit_tests:
- name: test_hello_world
# Always only one transformation to test
model: hello_world
# No inputs needed this time!
# Most unit tests will have inputs -- see the "real world example" section below
given: []
# Expected output can have zero to many rows
expect:
rows:
- {hello: world}
```
## Executing unit tests
Run the unit tests, build the model, and run the data tests for the `hello_world` model:
```shell
dbt build --select hello_world
```
This saves on warehouse spend as the model will only be materialized and move on to the data tests if the unit tests pass successfully.
Or only run the unit tests without building the model or running the data tests:
```shell
dbt test --select "hello_world,test_type:unit"
```
Or choose a specific unit test by name:
```shell
dbt test --select test_is_valid_email_address
```
### Excluding unit tests from production builds
dbt Labs strongly recommends only running unit tests in development or CI environments. Since the inputs of the unit tests are static, there's no need to use additional compute cycles running them in production. Use them when doing development for a test-driven approach and CI to ensure changes don't break them.
Use the `--resource-type` flag `--exclude-resource-type` or the `DBT_EXCLUDE_RESOURCE_TYPES` environment variable to exclude unit tests from your production builds and save compute.
## More realistic example
```yaml
unit_tests:
- name: test_order_items_count_drink_items_with_zero_drinks
description: >
Scenario: Order without any drinks
When the `order_items_summary` table is built
Given an order with nothing but 1 food item
Then the count of drink items is 0
# Model
model: order_items_summary
# Inputs
given:
- input: ref('order_items')
rows:
- {
order_id: 76,
order_item_id: 3,
is_drink_item: false,
}
- input: ref('stg_orders')
rows:
- { order_id: 76 }
# Output
expect:
rows:
- {
order_id: 76,
count_drink_items: 0,
}
```
For more examples of unit tests, see [references/examples.md](references/examples.md)
## Supported and unsupported scenarios
- dbt only supports unit testing SQL models.
- Unit testing Python models is not supported.
- Unit testing non-model nodes like snapshots, seeds, sources, analyses, etc. is not supported.
- dbt only supports adding unit tests to models in your _current_ project.
- Unit testing cross-project models or models imported from a package is not supported.
- dbt _does not_ support unit testing models that use the `materialized view` materialization.
- dbt _does not_ support unit testing models that use recursive SQL.
- dbt _does not_ support unit testing models that use introspective queries.
- dbt _does not_ support an `expect` output for final state of the database table after inserting/merging for incremental models.
- dbt _does_ support an `expect` output for what will be merged/inserted for incremental models.
## Handy to know
- Unit tests must be defined in a YAML file in your `model-paths` directory (`models/` by default)
- Fixture files for unit tests must be defined in a SQL or CSV file in your `test-paths` directory (`tests/fixtures` by default)
- Include all `ref` or `source` model references in the unit test configuration as `input`s to avoid "node not found" errors during compilation.
- If your model has multiple versions, by default the unit test will run on *all* versions of your model.
- If you want to unit test a model that depends on an ephemeral model, you must use `format: sql` for the ephemeral model input.
- Table names within the model must be aliased in order to unit test `join` logic
## YAML for specifying unit tests
- For all the required and optional keys in the YAML definition of unit tests, see [references/spec.md](references/spec.md)
# Inputs for unit tests
Use `input`s in your unit tests to reference a specific model or source for the test:
- For `input:`, use a string that represents a `ref` or `source` call:
- `ref('my_model')` or `ref('my_model', v='2')` or `ref('dougs_project', 'users')`
- `source('source_schema', 'source_name')`
- For seed inputs:
- If you do not supply an input for a seed, we will use the seed's CSV file _as_ the input.
- If you do supply an input for a seed, we will use that input instead.
- Use “empty” inputs by setting rows to an empty list `rows: []`
- This is useful if the model has a `ref` or `source` dependency, but its values are irrelevant to this particular unit test. Just beware if the model has a join on that input that would cause rows to drop out!
`models/schema.yml`
```yaml
unit_tests:
- name: test_is_valid_email_address # this is the unique name of the test
model: dim_customers # name of the model I'm unit testing
given: # the mock data for your inputs
- input: ref('stg_customers')
rows:
- {email: cool@example.com, email_top_level_domain: example.com}
- {email: cool@unknown.com, email_top_level_domain: unknown.com}
- {email: badgmail.com, email_top_level_domain: gmail.com}
- {email: missingdot@gmailcom, email_top_level_domain: gmail.com}
- input: ref('top_level_email_domains')
rows:
- {tld: example.com}
- {tld: gmail.com}
- input: ref('irrelevant_dependency') # dependency that we need to acknowlege, but does not need any data
rows: []
...
```
# Data `format`s for unit tests
## **`dict` is the default format** — always start here
Unless you have a specific reason to use another format, use `dict` (inline YAML). It is the default when `format:` is omitted.
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"audit": {
"score": 81,
"risk_level": "needs_review",
"risk_label": "Needs review",
"warnings": [
"Dependency or permission surface needs review",
"Permission surface may require sandboxing",
"Quality score needs review",
"Permission surface needs review: secrets or environment access, shell or command execution",
"Dependency/runtime risk: command execution surface, credential or environment access",
"Permission surface: secrets or environment access, shell or command execution"
]
},
"safety_gate": {
"tier": "blocked",
"label": "Blocked for auto-install",
"auto_install_policy": "block",
"auto_install_allowed": false,
"human_review_required": true,
"blocked": true,
"recommended_action": "Do not auto-install. Inspect the source, dependencies, and permission surface first."
},
"quality": {
"score": 76,
"label": "Strong"
},
"supply": {
"track": "Coding and developer agents",
"scenario": "Coding agents",
"maintenance": "13d since push",
"risk": "Needs review"
},
"alternative_skills": [],
"do_not_use_when": [
"teams that need a vendor-supported SLA",
"high-compliance environments without internal security review",
"No major risk signals from current metadata",
"High-risk permission hints: Shell or command execution, Secrets or environment access",
"Dependency or permission surface needs review",
"Permission surface may require sandboxing",
"Quality score needs review",
"Permission surface needs review: secrets or environment access, shell or command execution"
],
"agent_contract": {
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"recommended_action": "Do not auto-install. Inspect the source, dependencies, and permission surface first.",
"install_policy": "block",
"minimum_review_before_use": [
"Trust: 75/100 Strong shortlist",
"Audit: 81/100 Needs review",
"Safety: 37/100 Avoid automatic install",
"Review repository, license, install command, and permission surface before production use."
],
"expected_agent_output": {
"selected_skill": "dbt-labs-adding-dbt-unit-test (adding-dbt-unit-test)",
"install_command": "npx skills add dbt-labs/dbt-agent-skills --skill adding-dbt-unit-test",
"risk_summary": "Needs review; Blocked for auto-install; Review before production",
"verification_result": "Report the smallest successful task, files touched, warnings, and any missing setup."
}
},
"outcome_feedback": {
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"method": "POST",
"requires_resolve_event_id": true,
"event_id_source": "Use install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id returned by /api/agent/resolve for the current task.",
"expected_outcomes": [
"success",
"failed",
"not_relevant",
"blocked_by_risk",
"setup_required"
],
"payload_template": {
"event_id": "<install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id from /api/agent/resolve>",
"skill_slug": "dbt-labs-adding-dbt-unit-test",
"task": "Use adding-dbt-unit-test in an agent workflow",
"agent": "codex",
"outcome": "success",
"install_used": true,
"risk_blocked": false,
"setup_required": false,
"task_success": true,
"output_quality": 4,
"error_type": null,
"human_review_required": false,
"workspace": "sandbox",
"time_to_useful_ms": 120000,
"notes": "Report the smallest successful task, setup friction, files touched, and risk notes."
}
},
"endpoints": {
"web": "https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/dbt-labs-adding-dbt-unit-test",
"api": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/skills/dbt-labs-adding-dbt-unit-test",
"audit": "https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/dbt-labs-adding-dbt-unit-test/audit",
"eval": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/evals?slug=dbt-labs-adding-dbt-unit-test&task=Use%20adding-dbt-unit-test%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&max_risk=medium",
"resolve": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/resolve?task=Use%20adding-dbt-unit-test%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium",
"receipt": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/receipt?task=Use%20adding-dbt-unit-test%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium&format=text",
"install": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/skills/dbt-labs-adding-dbt-unit-test/install",
"manifest": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/registry/manifest/dbt-labs-adding-dbt-unit-test"
}
}Listing source
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Audit
81/100
Needs review
Copies are not installs. Installation counts require a reported successful installation; they are not a blanket quality guarantee.