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Guide for 12-Factor cloud-native applications. Use when designing microservices, configuring containers, deploying to Kubernetes, or following cloud-native patterns.
Guide for 12-Factor cloud-native applications. Use when designing microservices, configuring containers, deploying to Kubernetes, or following cloud-native patterns.
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Guide for building scalable, maintainable, and portable cloud-native applications following the 12-Factor App principles and modern extensions.
This skill follows core:anti-fabrication. The 12 factors themselves are the
methodology cited in sources.md (12factor.net) — a stable, versionless reference, so
naming a factor correctly is low-risk. The risk sits in the worked examples: the
Kubernetes manifests, runtime.exs snippets, and Docker Compose configs in
references/kubernetes.md and references/factor-examples.md assert real API fields
(e.g. livenessProbe, ConfigMap keys) that do change across Kubernetes versions —
verify a manifest field against current API docs before asserting it applies, rather
than assuming an older example still matches the current API.
One codebase tracked in revision control, many deploys
Violations: multiple repositories for one application, per-environment codebases, copying code between repositories. Fix: consolidate to one repository and move the differences into environment config.
Explicitly declare and isolate dependencies
package-lock.json, mix.lock, Cargo.lock, go.sum)Worked Dockerfile and per-language manifest list: references/factor-examples.md.
Store config in the environment
All configuration comes from environment variables — anything that varies between deploys: credentials, hostnames, ports, pool sizes, backing service URLs, model names.
# Elixir - config/runtime.exs
config :my_app, MyApp.Repo,
hostname: System.get_env("DATABASE_HOST") || "localhost",
password: System.fetch_env!("DATABASE_PASSWORD"),
pool_size: String.to_integer(System.get_env("POOL_SIZE") || "10")
What makes a violation, and the smallest correct fix:
.example templateif env == "production") → one code path driven by a config valueLitmus test from 12factor.net: the codebase could be made open source at any moment without compromising any credentials.
Kubernetes ConfigMap/Secret wiring: references/kubernetes.md.
Treat backing services as attached resources
Strictly separate build and run stages
CI/CD pipeline example: references/factor-examples.md.
Execute the app as one or more stateless processes
Session-store example: references/factor-examples.md. Deployment manifest: references/kubernetes.md.
Export services via port binding
0.0.0.0, never localhost; take the port number from the environmentScale out via the process model
Maximize robustness with fast startup and graceful shutdown
Graceful-shutdown example: references/factor-examples.md.
Keep development, staging, and production as similar as possible
Docker Compose dev-environment example: references/factor-examples.md.
Treat logs as event streams
Run admin/management tasks as one-off processes
Kubernetes Job/CronJob examples: references/kubernetes.md.
Three extensions round out contemporary cloud-native practice — full detail and examples in references/modern-extensions.md:
/metrics endpoint, distributed tracing (OpenTelemetry), health check endpointsValidate required configuration at startup — fail fast, naming the missing variables:
function validateConfig() {
const required = ['DATABASE_URL', 'JWT_SECRET', 'REDIS_URL'];
const missing = required.filter(key => !process.env[key]);
if (missing.length > 0) {
throw new Error(`Missing required environment variables: ${missing.join(', ')}`);
}
}
// Call before starting server
validateConfig();
Health checks, graceful degradation, and the troubleshooting guide: references/operations.md.
// DON'T: branch on environment
if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') { /* different behavior */ }
// DO: one code path, configured value
const timeout = parseInt(process.env.TIMEOUT || '5000');
// DON'T: write persistent data to local filesystem
fs.writeFile('/tmp/uploads/' + filename, data);
// DO: use object storage
await s3.putObject({ Bucket: process.env.S3_BUCKET, Key: filename, Body: data });
// DON'T: store state in memory
const sessions = new Map();
// DO: use external store
const session = await redis.get(`session:${sessionId}`);
// DON'T: hardcode service locations
const db = connect('localhost:5432');
// DO: use environment variables
const db = connect(process.env.DATABASE_URL);
"The twelve-factor methodology can be applied to apps written in any programming language, and which use any combination of backing services (database, queue, memory cache, etc)."
"The twelve-factor app never assumes that anything cached in memory or on disk will be available on a future request or job – with many processes of each type running, chances are high that a future request will be served by a different process." — Factor VI, Processes
Design applications from day one to be cloud-native, scalable, and maintainable.
references/factor-examples.md — per-factor worked code examples (Dockerfile, runtime config, session storage, graceful shutdown, Docker Compose, structured logging, CI/CD pipeline)references/kubernetes.md — Kubernetes manifests per factor (ConfigMaps, Secrets, Deployments, HPA, Jobs, probes) and Kubernetes-specific best practicesreferences/modern-extensions.md — API First, Telemetry, and Security extensions with examplesreferences/operations.md — health check endpoints, graceful degradation, troubleshooting guidereferences/infrastructure-conventions.md — NGINX upstream over community ingress; Kustomize + Helm layout; single universal secret store; IaC over manual UI; bind all interfaces in prodname: twelve-factor description: Guide for 12-Factor cloud-native applications. Use when designing microservices, configuring containers, deploying to Kubernetes, or following cloud-native patterns. license: MIT
---
name: twelve-factor
description: Guide for 12-Factor cloud-native applications. Use when designing microservices, configuring containers, deploying to Kubernetes, or following cloud-native patterns.
license: MIT
---
# 12-Factor App Methodology
Guide for building scalable, maintainable, and portable cloud-native applications following the 12-Factor App principles and modern extensions.
## Anti-fabrication
This skill follows `core:anti-fabrication`. The 12 factors themselves are the
methodology cited in `sources.md` (12factor.net) — a stable, versionless reference, so
naming a factor correctly is low-risk. The risk sits in the worked examples: the
Kubernetes manifests, `runtime.exs` snippets, and Docker Compose configs in
`references/kubernetes.md` and `references/factor-examples.md` assert real API fields
(e.g. `livenessProbe`, `ConfigMap` keys) that do change across Kubernetes versions —
verify a manifest field against current API docs before asserting it applies, rather
than assuming an older example still matches the current API.
## The 12 Factors
### I. Codebase
**One codebase tracked in revision control, many deploys**
- Single Git repository for the application; every environment deploys from it
- Environment-specific config lives outside the code
- Use GitOps (ArgoCD, Flux) for deployment automation
Violations: multiple repositories for one application, per-environment codebases, copying code between repositories. Fix: consolidate to one repository and move the differences into environment config.
### II. Dependencies
**Explicitly declare and isolate dependencies**
- Declare every dependency in the package manager manifest; never rely on system-wide packages
- Commit lock files for reproducible builds (`package-lock.json`, `mix.lock`, `Cargo.lock`, `go.sum`)
- Multi-stage container builds isolate build-time dependencies from the runtime image
Worked Dockerfile and per-language manifest list: `references/factor-examples.md`.
### III. Config
**Store config in the environment**
All configuration comes from environment variables — anything that varies between deploys: credentials, hostnames, ports, pool sizes, backing service URLs, model names.
```elixir
# Elixir - config/runtime.exs
config :my_app, MyApp.Repo,
hostname: System.get_env("DATABASE_HOST") || "localhost",
password: System.fetch_env!("DATABASE_PASSWORD"),
pool_size: String.to_integer(System.get_env("POOL_SIZE") || "10")
```
What makes a violation, and the smallest correct fix:
- Hardcoded value that differs (or could differ) between deploys → read it from an environment variable, with a default only when a safe dev default exists
- Hardcoded model name, API endpoint, or service hostname → environment variable; model names are config, not code
- Config file with real values committed to version control → environment variables plus a committed `.example` template
- Environment-specific code path (`if env == "production"`) → one code path driven by a config value
Litmus test from 12factor.net: the codebase could be made open source at any moment without compromising any credentials.
Kubernetes ConfigMap/Secret wiring: `references/kubernetes.md`.
### IV. Backing Services
**Treat backing services as attached resources**
- Databases, queues, caches, and third-party APIs all attach via URLs in environment variables
- No distinction between local and third-party services
- Swapping a backing service is a configuration change only — never a code change
### V. Build, Release, Run
**Strictly separate build and run stages**
1. **Build**: convert code to executable bundle
2. **Release**: combine build with config
3. **Run**: execute in target environment
- Releases are immutable and uniquely identified (git SHA, semver)
- Roll back by redeploying a previous release, never by modifying one
- Build artifacts stay separate from runtime config
CI/CD pipeline example: `references/factor-examples.md`.
### VI. Processes
**Execute the app as one or more stateless processes**
- Processes are stateless and share-nothing; persistent state lives in backing services
- No sticky sessions, no local filesystem for persistent data
- Violation: in-memory session or state store → move it to Redis or the database
Session-store example: `references/factor-examples.md`. Deployment manifest: `references/kubernetes.md`.
### VII. Port Binding
**Export services via port binding**
- Bind to `0.0.0.0`, never `localhost`; take the port number from the environment
- HTTP server library embedded in the app — no reliance on runtime injection (Apache, Nginx)
### VIII. Concurrency
**Scale out via the process model**
- Scale horizontally by adding processes, not vertically by enlarging them
- Distinct process types (web, worker, scheduler) scale independently
- The OS or platform process manager owns processes — never daemonize or write PID files
### IX. Disposability
**Maximize robustness with fast startup and graceful shutdown**
- Minimize startup time (under 10 seconds ideal) — fast startup enables rapid scaling
- Handle SIGTERM: finish in-flight requests, close connections, then exit
<!-- vale Flavored.Superlatives = NO -->
- Stay robust against sudden death
<!-- vale Flavored.Superlatives = YES -->
Graceful-shutdown example: `references/factor-examples.md`.
### X. Dev/Prod Parity
**Keep development, staging, and production as similar as possible**
- Same backing service types in dev and prod (not SQLite in dev, Postgres in prod)
- Containers ensure environment consistency; infrastructure as code for reproducibility
- Same deployment process for all environments; minimize the time gap between dev and production
Docker Compose dev-environment example: `references/factor-examples.md`.
### XI. Logs
**Treat logs as event streams**
- Write unbuffered to stdout/stderr; never manage or rotate log files in the app
- Use structured logging (JSON) with correlation IDs for tracing
- The platform routes logs (Fluentd, Logstash) — never send directly to an aggregation service from app code
### XII. Admin Processes
**Run admin/management tasks as one-off processes**
- Migrations, consoles, and one-time scripts use the same codebase, config, and environment as regular processes
- Run against a release, not development code
- Use the platform scheduler for recurring tasks; ship admin code with application code
Kubernetes Job/CronJob examples: `references/kubernetes.md`.
## Modern Extensions (Beyond 12)
Three extensions round out contemporary cloud-native practice — full detail and examples in `references/modern-extensions.md`:
- **XIII. API First** — design and document APIs (OpenAPI) before implementation; contract-first development
- **XIV. Telemetry** — `/metrics` endpoint, distributed tracing (OpenTelemetry), health check endpoints
- **XV. Security** — OAuth 2.0/OIDC, RBAC, secrets in environment never in code, TLS everywhere, security scanning in CI/CD
## Common Patterns
### Configuration Validation
Validate required configuration at startup — fail fast, naming the missing variables:
```javascript
function validateConfig() {
const required = ['DATABASE_URL', 'JWT_SECRET', 'REDIS_URL'];
const missing = required.filter(key => !process.env[key]);
if (missing.length > 0) {
throw new Error(`Missing required environment variables: ${missing.join(', ')}`);
}
}
// Call before starting server
validateConfig();
```
Health checks, graceful degradation, and the troubleshooting guide: `references/operations.md`.
## Anti-Patterns to Avoid
### ❌ Environment-Specific Code Paths
```javascript
// DON'T: branch on environment
if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') { /* different behavior */ }
// DO: one code path, configured value
const timeout = parseInt(process.env.TIMEOUT || '5000');
```
### ❌ Local File Storage
```javascript
// DON'T: write persistent data to local filesystem
fs.writeFile('/tmp/uploads/' + filename, data);
// DO: use object storage
await s3.putObject({ Bucket: process.env.S3_BUCKET, Key: filename, Body: data });
```
### ❌ In-Memory State
```javascript
// DON'T: store state in memory
const sessions = new Map();
// DO: use external store
const session = await redis.get(`session:${sessionId}`);
```
### ❌ Hardcoded Dependencies
```javascript
// DON'T: hardcode service locations
const db = connect('localhost:5432');
// DO: use environment variables
const db = connect(process.env.DATABASE_URL);
```
## Best Practices Summary
1. **Environment variables for all configuration**
2. **Stateless processes that can scale horizontally**
3. **Structured logging to stdout**
4. **Containers for development parity**
5. **Automated CI/CD pipelines**
6. **Health checks for orchestration**
7. **Graceful shutdown handling**
8. **Fast startup times (< 10s)**
9. **Immutable releases with unique IDs**
10. **Monitoring and telemetry via metrics and tracing**
## Resources
- **12factor.net**: Original methodology
- **Kubernetes Documentation**: https://kubernetes.io/docs/
- **Docker Best Practices**: https://docs.docker.com/develop/dev-best-practices/
- **OpenTelemetry**: https://opentelemetry.io/
- **Prometheus**: https://prometheus.io/
## Key Insights
> "The twelve-factor methodology can be applied to apps written in any programming language, and which use any combination of backing services (database, queue, memory cache, etc)."
> "The twelve-factor app never assumes that anything cached in memory or on disk will be available on a future request or job – with many processes of each type running, chances are high that a future request will be served by a different process." — [Factor VI, Processes](https://12factor.net/processes)
Design applications from day one to be cloud-native, scalable, and maintainable.
## References
- `references/factor-examples.md` — per-factor worked code examples (Dockerfile, runtime config, session storage, graceful shutdown, Docker Compose, structured logging, CI/CD pipeline)
- `references/kubernetes.md` — Kubernetes manifests per factor (ConfigMaps, Secrets, Deployments, HPA, Jobs, probes) and Kubernetes-specific best practices
- `references/modern-extensions.md` — API First, Telemetry, and Security extensions with examples
- `references/operations.md` — health check endpoints, graceful degradation, troubleshooting guide
- `references/infrastructure-conventions.md` — NGINX upstream over community ingress; Kustomize + Helm layout; single universal secret store; IaC over manual UI; bind all interfaces in prod
Free to get does not mean free to run. Price labels are not safety ratings. Submit pricing information →
Skill source recorded
Skill instructions are recorded. This is not a runtime test, safety guarantee or compatibility certification.
Review before install: Avoid automatic install
License: MIT
Listed tools are metadata hints, not tested compatibility. Agent prompts are suggested handoffs.
Check the source for dependencies, API keys and third-party costs. A public repository does not mean every service is free.
Repository metadata and review signals are advisory. Popularity, source discovery and successful execution are different facts.
Version reported in registry metadata; check source releases before relying on it.
Quality
55/100
Promising
Trust
61/100
Sandbox only
Audit
72/100
Risky
Copies are not installs. Installation counts require a reported successful installation; they are not a blanket quality guarantee.
This page exposes the same decision, trust, audit, use-case, and install signals through the Registry API, so agents can rank this skill without scraping the UI.
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"agent_contract": {
"task_input": "Use twelve-factor in an agent workflow",
"recommended_action": "Do not auto-install. Inspect the source, dependencies, and permission surface first.",
"install_policy": "block",
"minimum_review_before_use": [
"Trust: 69/100 Manual review",
"Audit: 72/100 Risky",
"Safety: 40/100 Avoid automatic install",
"Review repository, license, install command, and permission surface before production use."
],
"expected_agent_output": {
"selected_skill": "vinnie357-twelve-factor (twelve-factor)",
"install_command": "npx skills add vinnie357/claude-skills --skill twelve-factor",
"risk_summary": "Risky; Blocked for auto-install; Review before production",
"verification_result": "Report the smallest successful task, files touched, warnings, and any missing setup."
}
},
"outcome_feedback": {
"endpoint": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome",
"method": "POST",
"requires_resolve_event_id": true,
"event_id_source": "Use install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id returned by /api/agent/resolve for the current task.",
"expected_outcomes": [
"success",
"failed",
"not_relevant",
"blocked_by_risk",
"setup_required"
],
"payload_template": {
"event_id": "<install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id from /api/agent/resolve>",
"skill_slug": "vinnie357-twelve-factor",
"task": "Use twelve-factor in an agent workflow",
"agent": "codex",
"outcome": "success",
"install_used": true,
"risk_blocked": false,
"setup_required": false,
"task_success": true,
"output_quality": 4,
"error_type": null,
"human_review_required": false,
"workspace": "sandbox",
"time_to_useful_ms": 120000,
"notes": "Report the smallest successful task, setup friction, files touched, and risk notes."
}
},
"endpoints": {
"web": "https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/vinnie357-twelve-factor",
"api": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/skills/vinnie357-twelve-factor",
"audit": "https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/vinnie357-twelve-factor/audit",
"eval": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/evals?slug=vinnie357-twelve-factor&task=Use%20twelve-factor%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&max_risk=medium",
"resolve": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/resolve?task=Use%20twelve-factor%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium",
"receipt": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/receipt?task=Use%20twelve-factor%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium&format=text",
"install": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/skills/vinnie357-twelve-factor/install",
"manifest": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/registry/manifest/vinnie357-twelve-factor"
}
}Listing source
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