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Implement proven backend architecture patterns including Clean Architecture, Hexagonal Architecture, and Domain-Driven Design. Use when architecting complex backend systems or refactoring existing applications for better maintainability.
Implement proven backend architecture patterns including Clean Architecture, Hexagonal Architecture, and Domain-Driven Design. Use when architecting complex backend systems or refactoring existing applications for better maintainability.
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Master proven backend architecture patterns including Clean Architecture, Hexagonal Architecture, and Domain-Driven Design to build maintainable, testable, and scalable systems.
Layers (dependency flows inward):
Key Principles:
Components:
Benefits:
Strategic Patterns:
Tactical Patterns:
app/
├── domain/ # Entities & business rules
│ ├── entities/
│ ├── value_objects/
│ └── interfaces/ # Abstract interfaces
├── use_cases/ # Application business rules
├── adapters/ # Interface implementations
│ ├── repositories/
│ ├── controllers/
│ └── gateways/
└── infrastructure/ # Framework & external concerns
# domain/entities/user.py
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetime
@dataclass
class User:
"""Core user entity - no framework dependencies."""
id: str
email: str
name: str
created_at: datetime
is_active: bool = True
def deactivate(self):
"""Business rule: deactivating user."""
self.is_active = False
def can_place_order(self) -> bool:
"""Business rule: active users can order."""
return self.is_active
# domain/interfaces/user_repository.py
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from typing import Optional
class IUserRepository(ABC):
"""Port: defines contract, no implementation."""
@abstractmethod
async def find_by_id(self, user_id: str) -> Optional[User]:
pass
@abstractmethod
async def save(self, user: User) -> User:
pass
# use_cases/create_user.py
from dataclasses import dataclass
import uuid
from datetime import datetime
@dataclass
class CreateUserRequest:
email: str
name: str
class CreateUserUseCase:
"""Use case: orchestrates business logic."""
def __init__(self, user_repository: IUserRepository):
self.user_repository = user_repository
async def execute(self, request: CreateUserRequest) -> CreateUserResponse:
# Business validation
existing = await self.user_repository.find_by_email(request.email)
if existing:
return CreateUserResponse(user=None, success=False, error="Email already exists")
# Create entity
user = User(
id=str(uuid.uuid4()),
email=request.email,
name=request.name,
created_at=datetime.now(),
is_active=True
)
# Persist
saved_user = await self.user_repository.save(user)
return CreateUserResponse(user=saved_user, success=True)
# adapters/repositories/postgres_user_repository.py
class PostgresUserRepository(IUserRepository):
"""Adapter: PostgreSQL implementation."""
def __init__(self, pool):
self.pool = pool
async def find_by_id(self, user_id: str) -> Optional[User]:
async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
row = await conn.fetchrow("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", user_id)
return self._to_entity(row) if row else None
async def save(self, user: User) -> User:
async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
await conn.execute(
"""INSERT INTO users (id, email, name, created_at, is_active)
VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)
ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET email = $2, name = $3, is_active = $5""",
user.id, user.email, user.name, user.created_at, user.is_active
)
return user
# Core domain (hexagon center)
class OrderService:
"""Domain service - no infrastructure dependencies."""
def __init__(
self,
order_repository: OrderRepositoryPort,
payment_gateway: PaymentGatewayPort,
notification_service: NotificationPort
):
self.orders = order_repository
self.payments = payment_gateway
self.notifications = notification_service
async def place_order(self, order: Order) -> OrderResult:
# Business logic
if not order.is_valid():
return OrderResult(success=False, error="Invalid order")
# Use ports (interfaces)
payment = await self.payments.charge(amount=order.total, customer=order.customer_id)
if not payment.success:
return OrderResult(success=False, error="Payment failed")
order.mark_as_paid()
saved_order = await self.orders.save(order)
await self.notifications.send(
to=order.customer_email,
subject="Order confirmed",
body=f"Order {order.id} confirmed"
)
return OrderResult(success=True, order=saved_order)
# Adapters
class StripePaymentAdapter(PaymentGatewayPort):
"""Primary adapter: connects to Stripe API."""
async def charge(self, amount: Money, customer: str) -> PaymentResult:
# Implementation
class MockPaymentAdapter(PaymentGatewayPort):
"""Test adapter: no external dependencies."""
async def charge(self, amount: Money, customer: str) -> PaymentResult:
return PaymentResult(success=True, transaction_id="mock-123")
# Value Objects (immutable)
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Email:
value: str
def __post_init__(self):
if "@" not in self.value:
raise ValueError("Invalid email")
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Money:
amount: int # cents
currency: str
def add(self, other: "Money") -> "Money":
if self.currency != other.currency:
raise ValueError("Currency mismatch")
return Money(self.amount + other.amount, self.currency)
# Entities (with identity)
class Order:
def __init__(self, id: str, customer: Customer):
self.id = id
self.customer = customer
self.items: List[OrderItem] = []
self.status = OrderStatus.PENDING
self._events: List[DomainEvent] = []
def add_item(self, product: Product, quantity: int):
item = OrderItem(product, quantity)
self.items.append(item)
self._events.append(ItemAddedEvent(self.id, item))
def submit(self):
if not self.items:
raise ValueError("Cannot submit empty order")
self.status = OrderStatus.SUBMITTED
self._events.append(OrderSubmittedEvent(self.id))
# Aggregates (consistency boundary)
class Customer:
def __init__(self, id: str, email: Email):
self.id = id
self.email = email
self._addresses: List[Address] = []
def add_address(self, address: Address):
if len(self._addresses) >= 5:
raise ValueError("Maximum 5 addresses allowed")
self._addresses.append(address)
name: architecture-patterns description: Implement proven backend architecture patterns including Clean Architecture, Hexagonal Architecture, and Domain-Driven Design. Use when architecting complex backend systems or refactoring existing applications for better maintainability. license: MIT
---
name: architecture-patterns
description: Implement proven backend architecture patterns including Clean Architecture, Hexagonal Architecture, and Domain-Driven Design. Use when architecting complex backend systems or refactoring existing applications for better maintainability.
license: MIT
---
# Architecture Patterns
Master proven backend architecture patterns including Clean Architecture, Hexagonal Architecture, and Domain-Driven Design to build maintainable, testable, and scalable systems.
## When to Use This Skill
- Designing new backend systems from scratch
- Refactoring monolithic applications for better maintainability
- Establishing architecture standards for your team
- Migrating from tightly coupled to loosely coupled architectures
- Implementing domain-driven design principles
- Creating testable and mockable codebases
- Planning microservices decomposition
## Core Concepts
### 1. Clean Architecture (Uncle Bob)
**Layers (dependency flows inward):**
- **Entities**: Core business models
- **Use Cases**: Application business rules
- **Interface Adapters**: Controllers, presenters, gateways
- **Frameworks & Drivers**: UI, database, external services
**Key Principles:**
- Dependencies point inward
- Inner layers know nothing about outer layers
- Business logic independent of frameworks
- Testable without UI, database, or external services
### 2. Hexagonal Architecture (Ports and Adapters)
**Components:**
- **Domain Core**: Business logic
- **Ports**: Interfaces defining interactions
- **Adapters**: Implementations of ports (database, REST, message queue)
**Benefits:**
- Swap implementations easily (mock for testing)
- Technology-agnostic core
- Clear separation of concerns
### 3. Domain-Driven Design (DDD)
**Strategic Patterns:**
- **Bounded Contexts**: Separate models for different domains
- **Context Mapping**: How contexts relate
- **Ubiquitous Language**: Shared terminology
**Tactical Patterns:**
- **Entities**: Objects with identity
- **Value Objects**: Immutable objects defined by attributes
- **Aggregates**: Consistency boundaries
- **Repositories**: Data access abstraction
- **Domain Events**: Things that happened
## Clean Architecture Pattern
### Directory Structure
```
app/
├── domain/ # Entities & business rules
│ ├── entities/
│ ├── value_objects/
│ └── interfaces/ # Abstract interfaces
├── use_cases/ # Application business rules
├── adapters/ # Interface implementations
│ ├── repositories/
│ ├── controllers/
│ └── gateways/
└── infrastructure/ # Framework & external concerns
```
### Implementation Example
```python
# domain/entities/user.py
from dataclasses import dataclass
from datetime import datetime
@dataclass
class User:
"""Core user entity - no framework dependencies."""
id: str
email: str
name: str
created_at: datetime
is_active: bool = True
def deactivate(self):
"""Business rule: deactivating user."""
self.is_active = False
def can_place_order(self) -> bool:
"""Business rule: active users can order."""
return self.is_active
# domain/interfaces/user_repository.py
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from typing import Optional
class IUserRepository(ABC):
"""Port: defines contract, no implementation."""
@abstractmethod
async def find_by_id(self, user_id: str) -> Optional[User]:
pass
@abstractmethod
async def save(self, user: User) -> User:
pass
# use_cases/create_user.py
from dataclasses import dataclass
import uuid
from datetime import datetime
@dataclass
class CreateUserRequest:
email: str
name: str
class CreateUserUseCase:
"""Use case: orchestrates business logic."""
def __init__(self, user_repository: IUserRepository):
self.user_repository = user_repository
async def execute(self, request: CreateUserRequest) -> CreateUserResponse:
# Business validation
existing = await self.user_repository.find_by_email(request.email)
if existing:
return CreateUserResponse(user=None, success=False, error="Email already exists")
# Create entity
user = User(
id=str(uuid.uuid4()),
email=request.email,
name=request.name,
created_at=datetime.now(),
is_active=True
)
# Persist
saved_user = await self.user_repository.save(user)
return CreateUserResponse(user=saved_user, success=True)
# adapters/repositories/postgres_user_repository.py
class PostgresUserRepository(IUserRepository):
"""Adapter: PostgreSQL implementation."""
def __init__(self, pool):
self.pool = pool
async def find_by_id(self, user_id: str) -> Optional[User]:
async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
row = await conn.fetchrow("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", user_id)
return self._to_entity(row) if row else None
async def save(self, user: User) -> User:
async with self.pool.acquire() as conn:
await conn.execute(
"""INSERT INTO users (id, email, name, created_at, is_active)
VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)
ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET email = $2, name = $3, is_active = $5""",
user.id, user.email, user.name, user.created_at, user.is_active
)
return user
```
## Hexagonal Architecture Pattern
```python
# Core domain (hexagon center)
class OrderService:
"""Domain service - no infrastructure dependencies."""
def __init__(
self,
order_repository: OrderRepositoryPort,
payment_gateway: PaymentGatewayPort,
notification_service: NotificationPort
):
self.orders = order_repository
self.payments = payment_gateway
self.notifications = notification_service
async def place_order(self, order: Order) -> OrderResult:
# Business logic
if not order.is_valid():
return OrderResult(success=False, error="Invalid order")
# Use ports (interfaces)
payment = await self.payments.charge(amount=order.total, customer=order.customer_id)
if not payment.success:
return OrderResult(success=False, error="Payment failed")
order.mark_as_paid()
saved_order = await self.orders.save(order)
await self.notifications.send(
to=order.customer_email,
subject="Order confirmed",
body=f"Order {order.id} confirmed"
)
return OrderResult(success=True, order=saved_order)
# Adapters
class StripePaymentAdapter(PaymentGatewayPort):
"""Primary adapter: connects to Stripe API."""
async def charge(self, amount: Money, customer: str) -> PaymentResult:
# Implementation
class MockPaymentAdapter(PaymentGatewayPort):
"""Test adapter: no external dependencies."""
async def charge(self, amount: Money, customer: str) -> PaymentResult:
return PaymentResult(success=True, transaction_id="mock-123")
```
## Domain-Driven Design Pattern
```python
# Value Objects (immutable)
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Email:
value: str
def __post_init__(self):
if "@" not in self.value:
raise ValueError("Invalid email")
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Money:
amount: int # cents
currency: str
def add(self, other: "Money") -> "Money":
if self.currency != other.currency:
raise ValueError("Currency mismatch")
return Money(self.amount + other.amount, self.currency)
# Entities (with identity)
class Order:
def __init__(self, id: str, customer: Customer):
self.id = id
self.customer = customer
self.items: List[OrderItem] = []
self.status = OrderStatus.PENDING
self._events: List[DomainEvent] = []
def add_item(self, product: Product, quantity: int):
item = OrderItem(product, quantity)
self.items.append(item)
self._events.append(ItemAddedEvent(self.id, item))
def submit(self):
if not self.items:
raise ValueError("Cannot submit empty order")
self.status = OrderStatus.SUBMITTED
self._events.append(OrderSubmittedEvent(self.id))
# Aggregates (consistency boundary)
class Customer:
def __init__(self, id: str, email: Email):
self.id = id
self.email = email
self._addresses: List[Address] = []
def add_address(self, address: Address):
if len(self._addresses) >= 5:
raise ValueError("Maximum 5 addresses allowed")
self._addresses.append(address)
```
## Best Practices
1. **Dependency Rule**: Dependencies always point inward
2. **Interface Segregation**: Small, focused interfaces
3. **Business Logic in Domain**: Keep frameworks out of core
4. **Test Independence**: Core testable without infrastructure
5. **Bounded Contexts**: Clear domain boundaries
6. **Ubiquitous Language**: Consistent terminology
7. **Thin Controllers**: Delegate to use cases
8. **Rich Domain Models**: Behavior with data
## Common Pitfalls
- **Anemic Domain**: Entities with only data, no behavior
- **Framework Coupling**: Business logic depends on frameworks
- **Fat Controllers**: Business logic in controllers
- **Repository Leakage**: Exposing ORM objects
- **Missing Abstractions**: Concrete dependencies in core
- **Over-Engineering**: Clean architecture for simple CRUD
Skill source recorded
Skill instructions are recorded. This is not a runtime test, safety guarantee or compatibility certification.
Review before install: Avoid automatic install
License: MIT
Listed tools are metadata hints, not tested compatibility. Agent prompts are suggested handoffs.
Repository metadata and review signals are advisory. Popularity, source discovery and successful execution are different facts.
Version reported in registry metadata; check source releases before relying on it.
Quality
70/100
Strong
Trust
70/100
This page exposes the same decision, trust, audit, use-case, and install signals through the Registry API, so agents can rank this skill without scraping the UI.
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"Audit risk risky exceeds max_risk=medium",
"Permission surface may require sandboxing",
"Potential broker, wallet, exchange, or real-money execution surface; sandbox and explicit approval are required",
"This skill may touch real-money trading, broker, wallet, or exchange operations; use only in a sandbox with explicit approval.",
"Quality score needs review"
],
"agent_contract": {
"task_input": "Use architecture-patterns in an agent workflow",
"recommended_action": "Do not auto-install. Inspect the source, dependencies, and permission surface first.",
"install_policy": "block",
"minimum_review_before_use": [
"Trust: 78/100 Strong shortlist",
"Audit: 81/100 Risky",
"Safety: 61/100 Avoid automatic install",
"Review repository, license, install command, and permission surface before production use."
],
"expected_agent_output": {
"selected_skill": "secondsky-architecture-patterns (architecture-patterns)",
"install_command": "npx skills add secondsky/claude-skills --skill architecture-patterns",
"risk_summary": "Risky; Blocked for auto-install; Review before production",
"verification_result": "Report the smallest successful task, files touched, warnings, and any missing setup."
}
},
"outcome_feedback": {
"endpoint": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome",
"method": "POST",
"requires_resolve_event_id": true,
"event_id_source": "Use install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id returned by /api/agent/resolve for the current task.",
"expected_outcomes": [
"success",
"failed",
"not_relevant",
"blocked_by_risk",
"setup_required"
],
"payload_template": {
"event_id": "<install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id from /api/agent/resolve>",
"skill_slug": "secondsky-architecture-patterns",
"task": "Use architecture-patterns in an agent workflow",
"agent": "codex",
"outcome": "success",
"install_used": true,
"risk_blocked": false,
"setup_required": false,
"task_success": true,
"output_quality": 4,
"error_type": null,
"human_review_required": false,
"workspace": "sandbox",
"time_to_useful_ms": 120000,
"notes": "Report the smallest successful task, setup friction, files touched, and risk notes."
}
},
"endpoints": {
"web": "https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/secondsky-architecture-patterns",
"api": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/skills/secondsky-architecture-patterns",
"audit": "https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/secondsky-architecture-patterns/audit",
"eval": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/evals?slug=secondsky-architecture-patterns&task=Use%20architecture-patterns%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&max_risk=medium",
"resolve": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/resolve?task=Use%20architecture-patterns%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium",
"receipt": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/receipt?task=Use%20architecture-patterns%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium&format=text",
"install": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/skills/secondsky-architecture-patterns/install",
"manifest": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/registry/manifest/secondsky-architecture-patterns"
}
}Listing source
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Sandbox only
Audit
81/100
Risky
Copies are not installs. Installation counts require a reported successful installation; they are not a blanket quality guarantee.