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Best practices for implementing Android ViewModels using Kotlin 2.3+ Explicit Backing Fields, StateFlow for UI state, and SharedFlow for one-off events.
Best practices for implementing Android ViewModels using Kotlin 2.3+ Explicit Backing Fields, StateFlow for UI state, and SharedFlow for one-off events.
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Use ViewModel to own UI state and business logic. It should survive configuration changes and expose immutable APIs.
Kotlin 2.3+
Prefer Explicit Backing Fields instead of the traditional
_state/statebacking property pattern.
- Kotlin 2.3: Experimental (
-Xexplicit-backing-fields)- Kotlin 2.4+: Stable (recommended)
Avoid creating duplicate backing properties unless targeting older Kotlin versions.
Represents the persistent UI state.
Examples:
Use an explicit backing field.
val uiState: StateFlow<UiState>
field = MutableStateFlow(UiState.Loading)
The backing field is mutable (MutableStateFlow) while consumers only see StateFlow.
Prefer update { } for atomic updates.
_uiState.update { old ->
old.copy(isLoading = false)
}
With explicit backing fields:
uiState.update {
it.copy(isLoading = false)
}
You may also assign directly when appropriate.
uiState.value = UiState.Success(data)
Use for transient events that should not survive recomposition or configuration changes.
Examples:
val uiEvent: SharedFlow<UiEvent>
field = MutableSharedFlow(
replay = 0,
extraBufferCapacity = 1
)
replay = 0 ensures events are not replayed after recreation.
Using extraBufferCapacity = 1 is recommended for UI events sent with tryEmit().
Suspend:
uiEvent.emit(UiEvent.NavigateBack)
Non-suspending:
uiEvent.tryEmit(UiEvent.ShowSnackbar("Saved"))
Always collect lifecycle-aware.
val state by viewModel.uiState.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()
Collect inside a single LaunchedEffect.
LaunchedEffect(Unit) {
viewModel.uiEvent.collect { event ->
when (event) {
is UiEvent.NavigateBack -> { /* ... */ }
is UiEvent.ShowSnackbar -> { /* ... */ }
}
}
}
Do not collect SharedFlow with collectAsState().
Use lifecycle-aware collection.
lifecycleScope.launch {
repeatOnLifecycle(Lifecycle.State.STARTED) {
viewModel.uiState.collect {
render(it)
}
}
}
Likewise for events.
lifecycleScope.launch {
repeatOnLifecycle(Lifecycle.State.STARTED) {
viewModel.uiEvent.collect(::handleEvent)
}
}
Launch all ViewModel work in viewModelScope.
viewModelScope.launch {
repository.refresh()
}
Business logic should preferably be delegated to UseCases or Repositories.
Represent the entire screen with a single immutable state object.
data class UiState(
val isLoading: Boolean = false,
val items: List<Item> = emptyList(),
val error: String? = null
)
Avoid exposing multiple unrelated StateFlows for one screen unless they truly have different lifecycles.
Expose immutable APIs (StateFlow, SharedFlow)
Prefer Explicit Backing Fields (Kotlin 2.4+)
Use immutable UI state
Use update {} when modifying state
Keep one-off events in SharedFlow
Keep business logic out of Composables
Use collectAsStateWithLifecycle()
Use repeatOnLifecycle() in Views
Launch work in viewModelScope
Do not expose MutableStateFlow
Do not use StateFlow for navigation events
Do not use SharedFlow for persistent screen state
Do not keep duplicate _state properties when Explicit Backing Fields are available
name: android-viewmodel description: Best practices for implementing Android ViewModels using Kotlin 2.3+ Explicit Backing Fields, StateFlow for UI state, and SharedFlow for one-off events.
---
name: android-viewmodel
description: Best practices for implementing Android ViewModels using Kotlin 2.3+ Explicit Backing Fields, StateFlow for UI state, and SharedFlow for one-off events.
---
# Android ViewModel & State Management
## Instructions
Use `ViewModel` to own UI state and business logic. It should survive configuration changes and expose immutable APIs.
> **Kotlin 2.3+**
>
> Prefer **Explicit Backing Fields** instead of the traditional `_state`/`state` backing property pattern.
>
> - Kotlin 2.3: Experimental (`-Xexplicit-backing-fields`)
> - Kotlin 2.4+: Stable (recommended)
>
> Avoid creating duplicate backing properties unless targeting older Kotlin versions.
---
## 1. UI State (StateFlow)
### Purpose
Represents the persistent UI state.
Examples:
- Loading
- Success(data)
- Error(message)
- Empty
### Declaration
Use an explicit backing field.
```kotlin
val uiState: StateFlow<UiState>
field = MutableStateFlow(UiState.Loading)
```
The backing field is mutable (`MutableStateFlow`) while consumers only see `StateFlow`.
### Updating State
Prefer `update { }` for atomic updates.
```kotlin
_uiState.update { old ->
old.copy(isLoading = false)
}
```
With explicit backing fields:
```kotlin
uiState.update {
it.copy(isLoading = false)
}
```
You may also assign directly when appropriate.
```kotlin
uiState.value = UiState.Success(data)
```
---
## 2. One-Off Events (SharedFlow)
### Purpose
Use for transient events that should not survive recomposition or configuration changes.
Examples:
- Navigate
- Show Snackbar
- Show Toast
- Open Dialog
- Request Permissions
### Declaration
```kotlin
val uiEvent: SharedFlow<UiEvent>
field = MutableSharedFlow(
replay = 0,
extraBufferCapacity = 1
)
```
`replay = 0` ensures events are **not replayed** after recreation.
Using `extraBufferCapacity = 1` is recommended for UI events sent with `tryEmit()`.
### Sending Events
Suspend:
```kotlin
uiEvent.emit(UiEvent.NavigateBack)
```
Non-suspending:
```kotlin
uiEvent.tryEmit(UiEvent.ShowSnackbar("Saved"))
```
---
## 3. Collecting in Compose
### StateFlow
Always collect lifecycle-aware.
```kotlin
val state by viewModel.uiState.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()
```
### SharedFlow
Collect inside a single `LaunchedEffect`.
```kotlin
LaunchedEffect(Unit) {
viewModel.uiEvent.collect { event ->
when (event) {
is UiEvent.NavigateBack -> { /* ... */ }
is UiEvent.ShowSnackbar -> { /* ... */ }
}
}
}
```
Do **not** collect `SharedFlow` with `collectAsState()`.
---
## 4. Collecting in XML/View System
Use lifecycle-aware collection.
```kotlin
lifecycleScope.launch {
repeatOnLifecycle(Lifecycle.State.STARTED) {
viewModel.uiState.collect {
render(it)
}
}
}
```
Likewise for events.
```kotlin
lifecycleScope.launch {
repeatOnLifecycle(Lifecycle.State.STARTED) {
viewModel.uiEvent.collect(::handleEvent)
}
}
```
---
## 5. Coroutine Scope
Launch all ViewModel work in `viewModelScope`.
```kotlin
viewModelScope.launch {
repository.refresh()
}
```
Business logic should preferably be delegated to UseCases or Repositories.
---
## 6. State Design
Represent the entire screen with a single immutable state object.
```kotlin
data class UiState(
val isLoading: Boolean = false,
val items: List<Item> = emptyList(),
val error: String? = null
)
```
Avoid exposing multiple unrelated `StateFlow`s for one screen unless they truly have different lifecycles.
---
## 7. Best Practices
Expose immutable APIs (`StateFlow`, `SharedFlow`)
Prefer Explicit Backing Fields (Kotlin 2.4+)
Use immutable UI state
Use `update {}` when modifying state
Keep one-off events in `SharedFlow`
Keep business logic out of Composables
Use `collectAsStateWithLifecycle()`
Use `repeatOnLifecycle()` in Views
Launch work in `viewModelScope`
Do not expose `MutableStateFlow`
Do not use `StateFlow` for navigation events
Do not use `SharedFlow` for persistent screen state
Do not keep duplicate `_state` properties when Explicit Backing Fields are available
Skill source recorded
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Review before install: Review before install
License: Apache-2.0
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Quality
70/100
Strong
Trust
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