go-error-handling: Design & UI for AI Agents | OpenAgentSkill

Overview

Go error handling patterns, wrapping, sentinel errors, custom error types, and the errors package. Grounded in Effective Go, Go Code Review Comments, and production-proven idioms. Use when implementing error handling, designing error types, debugging error chains, or reviewing error handling patterns. Trigger examples: "handle errors", "error wrapping", "custom error type", "sentinel errors", "errors.Is", "errors.As". Not for: panic/recover in middleware (go-api-design), test assertions (go-test-quality).

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Go Error Handling

Go's explicit error handling is a feature, not a limitation. These patterns ensure errors are informative, actionable, and properly propagated.

1. Error Decision Tree

When creating or returning an error, follow this tree:

Simple, no extra context needed? → errors.New("message")
Need to add context to existing error? → fmt.Errorf("doing X: %w", err)
Caller needs to detect this error? → Sentinel var or custom type
Error carries structured data? → Custom type implementing error
Propagating from downstream? → Wrap with %w and add context

2. Sentinel Errors

Use package-level var for errors that callers need to check:

// ✅ Good — exported sentinel error
var (
    ErrNotFound     = errors.New("user: not found")
    ErrUnauthorized = errors.New("user: unauthorized")
)

// Naming convention: Err + Description
// Prefix with package context in the message

Callers check with errors.Is:

if errors.Is(err, user.ErrNotFound) {
    // handle not found
}

NEVER compare errors with ==. Always use errors.Is().

3. Custom Error Types

When errors need to carry structured information:

type ValidationError struct {
    Field   string
    Message string
}

func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("validation: field %s: %s", e.Field, e.Message)
}

// Callers extract with errors.As:
var valErr *ValidationError
if errors.As(err, &valErr) {
    log.Printf("invalid field: %s", valErr.Field)
}

4. Error Wrapping

ALWAYS add context when propagating errors up the stack. Use %w to preserve the error chain:

// ✅ Good — context added, chain preserved
func getUser(id int64) (*User, error) {
    row, err := db.QueryRow(ctx, query, id)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user %d: %w", id, err)
    }
    // ...
}

// ❌ Bad — no context
return nil, err

// ❌ Bad — chain broken, callers can't errors.Is/As
return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed: %v", err)

When NOT to use `%w`

Use %v instead of %w when you explicitly want to break the error chain, preventing callers from depending on internal implementation errors:

// Intentionally hiding internal DB error from public API
return nil, fmt.Errorf("user lookup failed: %v", err)

5. Handle Errors Exactly Once

An error should be either logged OR returned, never both:

// ✅ Good — return the error, let caller decide
func loadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
    data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("load config %s: %w", path, err)
    }
    // ...
}

// ❌ Bad — log AND return (error handled twice)
func loadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
    data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
    if err != nil {
        log.Printf("failed to read config: %v", err) // handled once
        return nil, err                                 // handled again
    }
    // ...
}

The rule: the component that decides what to do about the error is the one that logs/metrics it. Everyone else wraps and returns.

6. Error Naming Conventions

// Sentinel errors: Err prefix
var ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")

// Error types: Error suffix
type NotFoundError struct { ... }
type ValidationError struct { ... }

// Error messages: lowercase, no punctuation, no "failed to" prefix
// Include context: "package: action: detail"
errors.New("auth: token expired")
fmt.Errorf("user: get by id %d: %w", id, err)

7. Panic Rules

Panic is NOT error handling. Use panic only when:

Program initialization fails and cannot continue (template.Must, flag parsing)
Programmer error that should never happen (violated invariant)
Nil dereference that indicates a bug, not a runtime condition

In tests, use t.Fatal / t.FailNow, never panic.

In HTTP handlers and middleware, recover from panics at the boundary to prevent one request from crashing the server.

8. Error Checking Patterns

// Inline error check — preferred for simple cases
if err := doSomething(); err != nil {
    return fmt.Errorf("do something: %w", err)
}

// Multi-return with named result — acceptable for complex functions
func process() (result string, err error) {
    defer func() {
        if err != nil {
            err = fmt.Errorf("process: %w", err)
        }
    }()
    // ...
}

// errors.Join for multiple errors (Go 1.20+)
var errs []error
for _, item := range items {
    if err := validate(item); err != nil {
        errs = append(errs, err)
    }
}
return errors.Join(errs...)

Executable Verification

After writing or reviewing error handling, run the linters that prove the rules above (skip any that is not installed and note it):

go vet ./...                                  # includes printf %w misuse
golangci-lint run --enable errcheck,errorlint # unchecked errors, %v-vs-%w,
                                              # == comparisons on errors

Verification Checklist

No _ discarding errors (unless explicitly justified with comment)
Every fmt.Errorf wrapping uses %w (or %v with documented reason)
Sentinel errors use var Err... naming
Custom error types implement error interface
Callers use errors.Is / errors.As, never == or type assertion
No log-and-return patterns
Error messages are lowercase, contextual, chain-friendly

View source ↗

File metadata

name: go-error-handling
description: >
  Go error handling patterns, wrapping, sentinel errors, custom error types,
  and the errors package. Grounded in Effective Go, Go Code Review Comments,
  and production-proven idioms. Use when implementing error handling,
  designing error types, debugging error chains, or reviewing error handling
  patterns. Trigger examples: "handle errors", "error wrapping", "custom
  error type", "sentinel errors", "errors.Is", "errors.As".
  Not for: panic/recover in middleware (go-api-design), test assertions
  (go-test-quality).
user-invocable: true
license: MIT
compatibility: Designed for Claude Code or similar AI coding agents working on Go projects. Requires the Go toolchain.
allowed-tools: Read Edit Write Glob Grep Bash(go:*) Bash(gofmt:*)
metadata:
  author: eduardo-sl
  version: "1.2.1"

View original text

---
name: go-error-handling
description: >
  Go error handling patterns, wrapping, sentinel errors, custom error types,
  and the errors package. Grounded in Effective Go, Go Code Review Comments,
  and production-proven idioms. Use when implementing error handling,
  designing error types, debugging error chains, or reviewing error handling
  patterns. Trigger examples: "handle errors", "error wrapping", "custom
  error type", "sentinel errors", "errors.Is", "errors.As".
  Not for: panic/recover in middleware (go-api-design), test assertions
  (go-test-quality).
user-invocable: true
license: MIT
compatibility: Designed for Claude Code or similar AI coding agents working on Go projects. Requires the Go toolchain.
allowed-tools: Read Edit Write Glob Grep Bash(go:*) Bash(gofmt:*)
metadata:
  author: eduardo-sl
  version: "1.2.1"
---

# Go Error Handling

Go's explicit error handling is a feature, not a limitation.
These patterns ensure errors are informative, actionable, and properly propagated.

## 1. Error Decision Tree

When creating or returning an error, follow this tree:

1. **Simple, no extra context needed?** → `errors.New("message")`
2. **Need to add context to existing error?** → `fmt.Errorf("doing X: %w", err)`
3. **Caller needs to detect this error?** → Sentinel `var` or custom type
4. **Error carries structured data?** → Custom type implementing `error`
5. **Propagating from downstream?** → Wrap with `%w` and add context

## 2. Sentinel Errors

Use package-level `var` for errors that callers need to check:

```go
// ✅ Good — exported sentinel error
var (
    ErrNotFound     = errors.New("user: not found")
    ErrUnauthorized = errors.New("user: unauthorized")
)

// Naming convention: Err + Description
// Prefix with package context in the message
```

Callers check with `errors.Is`:

```go
if errors.Is(err, user.ErrNotFound) {
    // handle not found
}
```

NEVER compare errors with `==`. Always use `errors.Is()`.

## 3. Custom Error Types

When errors need to carry structured information:

```go
type ValidationError struct {
    Field   string
    Message string
}

func (e *ValidationError) Error() string {
    return fmt.Sprintf("validation: field %s: %s", e.Field, e.Message)
}

// Callers extract with errors.As:
var valErr *ValidationError
if errors.As(err, &valErr) {
    log.Printf("invalid field: %s", valErr.Field)
}
```

## 4. Error Wrapping

ALWAYS add context when propagating errors up the stack.
Use `%w` to preserve the error chain:

```go
// ✅ Good — context added, chain preserved
func getUser(id int64) (*User, error) {
    row, err := db.QueryRow(ctx, query, id)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("get user %d: %w", id, err)
    }
    // ...
}

// ❌ Bad — no context
return nil, err

// ❌ Bad — chain broken, callers can't errors.Is/As
return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed: %v", err)
```

### When NOT to use `%w`

Use `%v` instead of `%w` when you explicitly want to **break** the error chain,
preventing callers from depending on internal implementation errors:

```go
// Intentionally hiding internal DB error from public API
return nil, fmt.Errorf("user lookup failed: %v", err)
```

## 5. Handle Errors Exactly Once

An error should be either logged OR returned, never both:

```go
// ✅ Good — return the error, let caller decide
func loadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
    data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, fmt.Errorf("load config %s: %w", path, err)
    }
    // ...
}

// ❌ Bad — log AND return (error handled twice)
func loadConfig(path string) (*Config, error) {
    data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
    if err != nil {
        log.Printf("failed to read config: %v", err) // handled once
        return nil, err                                 // handled again
    }
    // ...
}
```

The rule: the component that *decides what to do* about the error is the one
that logs/metrics it. Everyone else wraps and returns.

## 6. Error Naming Conventions

```go
// Sentinel errors: Err prefix
var ErrNotFound = errors.New("not found")

// Error types: Error suffix
type NotFoundError struct { ... }
type ValidationError struct { ... }

// Error messages: lowercase, no punctuation, no "failed to" prefix
// Include context: "package: action: detail"
errors.New("auth: token expired")
fmt.Errorf("user: get by id %d: %w", id, err)
```

## 7. Panic Rules

Panic is NOT error handling. Use panic only when:
- Program initialization fails and cannot continue (`template.Must`, flag parsing)
- Programmer error that should never happen (violated invariant)
- Nil dereference that indicates a bug, not a runtime condition

In tests, use `t.Fatal` / `t.FailNow`, never `panic`.

In HTTP handlers and middleware, recover from panics at the boundary
to prevent one request from crashing the server.

## 8. Error Checking Patterns

```go
// Inline error check — preferred for simple cases
if err := doSomething(); err != nil {
    return fmt.Errorf("do something: %w", err)
}

// Multi-return with named result — acceptable for complex functions
func process() (result string, err error) {
    defer func() {
        if err != nil {
            err = fmt.Errorf("process: %w", err)
        }
    }()
    // ...
}

// errors.Join for multiple errors (Go 1.20+)
var errs []error
for _, item := range items {
    if err := validate(item); err != nil {
        errs = append(errs, err)
    }
}
return errors.Join(errs...)
```

## Executable Verification

After writing or reviewing error handling, run the linters that prove
the rules above (skip any that is not installed and note it):

```bash
go vet ./...                                  # includes printf %w misuse
golangci-lint run --enable errcheck,errorlint # unchecked errors, %v-vs-%w,
                                              # == comparisons on errors
```

## Verification Checklist

1. No `_` discarding errors (unless explicitly justified with comment)
2. Every `fmt.Errorf` wrapping uses `%w` (or `%v` with documented reason)
3. Sentinel errors use `var Err...` naming
4. Custom error types implement `error` interface
5. Callers use `errors.Is` / `errors.As`, never `==` or type assertion
6. No log-and-return patterns
7. Error messages are lowercase, contextual, chain-friendly

Review the source

Skill source recorded

Skill instructions are recorded. This is not a runtime test, safety guarantee or compatibility certification.

Review before install: Avoid automatic install

License: MIT

Dependency or permission surface needs review
Permission surface may require sandboxing
AI review approval is missing
Quality score needs review
Permission surface needs review: secrets or environment access, shell or command execution
GitHub adoption: 71 GitHub stars
Stars/forks activity: 71 stars, 9 forks; issue activity unavailable in current metadata
Dependency/runtime risk: command execution surface, credential or environment access
Permission surface: secrets or environment access, shell or command execution
Review status: AI review approval is missing

Open full audit

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1Read the source. Confirm the input, expected output, dependencies and permissions.
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3

Source & usage notes

IndexedStatic Checked

Repository metadata and review signals are advisory. Popularity, source discovery and successful execution are different facts.

Source repository: eduardo-sl/go-agent-skills
License: MIT
Version: 1.0.0
Last GitHub push: Aug 18, 2026
Registry updated: Sep 8, 2026
Instruction path: skills/(code-quality)/go-error-handling/SKILL.md @ 50133c33a386

Version reported in registry metadata; check source releases before relying on it.

Quality

57/100

Promising

Trust

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This page exposes the same decision, trust, audit, use-case, and install signals through the Registry API, so agents can rank this skill without scraping the UI.

Open install API LLM text format Open manifest Auto-resolve Plan

More details

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    "teams that need a vendor-supported SLA",
    "high-compliance environments without internal security review",
    "No OpenAgentSkill engagement data yet",
    "High-risk permission hints: Shell or command execution, Secrets or environment access",
    "Dependency or permission surface needs review",
    "Permission surface may require sandboxing",
    "AI review approval is missing",
    "Quality score needs review"
  ],
  "agent_contract": {
    "task_input": "Use go-error-handling in an agent workflow",
    "recommended_action": "Do not auto-install. Inspect the source, dependencies, and permission surface first.",
    "install_policy": "block",
    "minimum_review_before_use": [
      "Trust: 68/100 Manual review",
      "Audit: 71/100 Needs review",
      "Safety: 31/100 Avoid automatic install",
      "Review repository, license, install command, and permission surface before production use."
    ],
    "expected_agent_output": {
      "selected_skill": "eduardo-sl-go-error-handling (go-error-handling)",
      "install_command": "npx skills add eduardo-sl/go-agent-skills --skill go-error-handling",
      "risk_summary": "Needs review; Blocked for auto-install; Review before production",
      "verification_result": "Report the smallest successful task, files touched, warnings, and any missing setup."
    }
  },
  "outcome_feedback": {
    "endpoint": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome",
    "method": "POST",
    "requires_resolve_event_id": true,
    "event_id_source": "Use install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id returned by /api/agent/resolve for the current task.",
    "expected_outcomes": [
      "success",
      "failed",
      "not_relevant",
      "blocked_by_risk",
      "setup_required"
    ],
    "payload_template": {
      "event_id": "<install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id from /api/agent/resolve>",
      "skill_slug": "eduardo-sl-go-error-handling",
      "task": "Use go-error-handling in an agent workflow",
      "agent": "codex",
      "outcome": "success",
      "install_used": true,
      "risk_blocked": false,
      "setup_required": false,
      "task_success": true,
      "output_quality": 4,
      "error_type": null,
      "human_review_required": false,
      "workspace": "sandbox",
      "time_to_useful_ms": 120000,
      "notes": "Report the smallest successful task, setup friction, files touched, and risk notes."
    }
  },
  "endpoints": {
    "web": "https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/eduardo-sl-go-error-handling",
    "api": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/skills/eduardo-sl-go-error-handling",
    "audit": "https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/eduardo-sl-go-error-handling/audit",
    "eval": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/evals?slug=eduardo-sl-go-error-handling&task=Use%20go-error-handling%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&max_risk=medium",
    "resolve": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/resolve?task=Use%20go-error-handling%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium",
    "receipt": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/receipt?task=Use%20go-error-handling%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium&format=text",
    "install": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/skills/eduardo-sl-go-error-handling/install",
    "manifest": "https://www.openagentskill.com/api/registry/manifest/eduardo-sl-go-error-handling"
  }
}

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Creator: eduardo-sl
Source: eduardo-sl/go-agent-skills
Indexed by: OpenAgentSkill community index

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