{"slug":"samber-golang-error-handling","name":"golang-error-handling","description":"Idiomatic Golang error handling — creation, wrapping with %w, errors.Is/As, errors.Join, custom error types, sentinel errors, panic/recover, the single handling rule, structured logging with slog, HTTP request logging middleware, and samber/oops for production errors. Built to make logs usable at scale with log aggregation 3rd-party tools. Apply when creating, wrapping, inspecting, or logging errors in Go code. For samber/oops specifics → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` skill; for slog handler ecosystem → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-slog` skill.","long_description":"---\nname: golang-error-handling\ndescription: \"Idiomatic Golang error handling — creation, wrapping with %w, errors.Is/As, errors.Join, custom error types, sentinel errors, panic/recover, the single handling rule, structured logging with slog, HTTP request logging middleware, and samber/oops for production errors. Built to make logs usable at scale with log aggregation 3rd-party tools. Apply when creating, wrapping, inspecting, or logging errors in Go code. For samber/oops specifics → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` skill; for slog handler ecosystem → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-slog` skill.\"\nuser-invocable: true\nlicense: MIT\ncompatibility: Designed for Claude Code, Codex or similar harness, and for projects using Golang.\nmetadata:\n  author: samber\n  version: \"1.3.0\"\n  openclaw:\n    emoji: \"⚠\"\n    homepage: https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang\n    requires:\n      bins:\n        - go\n    install: []\nallowed-tools: Read Edit Write Glob Grep Bash(go:*) Bash(golangci-lint:*) Bash(git:*) Agent\npaths:\n  - \"**/*.go\"\n---\n\n**Persona:** You are a Go reliability engineer. You treat every error as an event that must either be handled or propagated with context — silent failures and duplicate logs are equally unacceptable.\n\n**Orchestration mode:** Fan out the five category sub-agents described in the \"Parallelizing Error Handling Audits\" section (creation, wrapping, single-handling rule, panic/recover, structured logging) for auditing error handling across a large codebase, and consolidate their findings. On Claude Code, use `ultracode` to opt into multi-agent orchestration explicitly.\n\n**Modes:**\n\n- **Coding mode** — writing new error handling code. Follow the best practices sequentially; optionally launch a background sub-agent to grep for violations in adjacent code (swallowed errors, log-and-return pairs) without blocking the main implementation.\n- **Review mode** — reviewing a PR's error handling changes. Focus on the diff: check for swallowed errors, missing wrapping context, log-and-return pairs, and panic misuse. Sequential.\n- **Audit mode** — auditing existing error handling across a codebase. Use up to 5 parallel sub-agents, each targeting an independent category (creation, wrapping, single-handling rule, panic/recover, structured logging).\n\n> **Community default.** A company skill that explicitly supersedes `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-error-handling` skill takes precedence.\n\n# Go Error Handling Best Practices\n\nThis skill guides the creation of robust, idiomatic error handling in Go applications. Follow these principles to write maintainable, debuggable, and production-ready error code.\n\n## Best Practices Summary\n\n1. **Returned errors MUST always be checked** — NEVER discard with `_`\n2. **Errors MUST be wrapped with context** using `fmt.Errorf(\"{context}: %w\", err)`\n3. **Error strings MUST be lowercase**, without trailing punctuation\n4. **Use `%w` internally, `%v` at system boundaries** to control error chain exposure\n5. **MUST use `errors.Is` for sentinel matching and `errors.As`/`errors.AsType` for typed chain inspection** instead of direct comparison or bare type assertions. For Go 1.26+, prefer `errors.AsType[T](err)` when `T` implements `error`; use `errors.As(err, &target)` for Go <1.26 or for non-error interface targets.\n6. **SHOULD use `errors.Join`** (Go 1.20+) to combine independent errors\n7. **Errors MUST be either logged OR returned**, NEVER both (single handling rule)\n8. **Use sentinel errors** for expected conditions, custom types for carrying data\n9. **NEVER use `panic` for expected error conditions** — reserve for truly unrecoverable states\n10. **SHOULD use `slog`** (Go 1.21+) for structured error logging — not `fmt.Println` or `log.Printf`\n11. **Use `samber/oops`** for production errors needing stack traces, user/tenant context, or structured attributes\n12. **Log HTTP requests** with structured middleware capturing method, path, status, and duration\n13. **Use log levels** to indicate error severity\n14. **Never expose technical errors to users** — translate internal errors to user-friendly messages, log technical details separately\n15. **Keep log grouping low-cardinality** — at logging/APM boundaries, keep message templates stable and attach IDs, paths, line numbers, and counts as structured attributes. Error values may include useful operational context, but avoid putting high-cardinality data into the stable log message used for grouping.\n\n## Detailed Reference\n\n- **[Error Creation](./references/error-creation.md)** — How to create errors that tell the story: error messages should be lowercase, no punctuation, and describe what happened without prescribing action. Covers sentinel errors (one-time preallocation for performance), custom error types (for carrying rich context), and the decision table for which to use when.\n\n- **[Error Wrapping and Inspection](./references/error-wrapping.md)** — Why `fmt.Errorf(\"{context}: %w\", err)` beats `fmt.Errorf(\"{context}: %v\", err)` (chains vs concatenation). How to inspect chains with `errors.Is`, `errors.As`, and Go 1.26+ `errors.AsType` for type-safe error handling, and `errors.Join` for combining independent errors.\n\n- **[Error Handling Patterns and Logging](./references/error-handling.md)** — The single handling rule: errors are either logged OR returned, NEVER both (prevents duplicate logs cluttering aggregators). Panic/recover design, `samber/oops` for production errors, and `slog` structured logging integration for APM tools.\n\n## Parallelizing Error Handling Audits\n\nWhen auditing error handling across a large codebase, use up to 5 parallel sub-agents — each targets an independent error category:\n\n- Sub-agent 1: Error creation — validate `errors.New`/`fmt.Errorf` usage, low-cardinality messages, custom types\n- Sub-agent 2: Error wrapping — audit `%w` vs `%v`, verify `errors.Is`/`errors.As` patterns\n- Sub-agent 3: Single handling rule — find log-and-return violations, swallowed errors, discarded errors (`_`)\n- Sub-agent 4: Panic/recover — audit `panic` usage, verify recovery at goroutine boundaries\n- Sub-agent 5: Structured logging — verify `slog` usage at error sites, check for PII in error messages\n\n## Cross-References\n\n- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` for full samber/oops API, builder patterns, and logger integration\n- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-observability` for structured logging setup, log levels, and request logging middleware\n- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-safety` for nil interface trap and nil error comparison pitfalls\n- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-naming` for error naming conventions (ErrNotFound, PathError)\n- → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-continuous-integration` skill for automated AI-driven code review in CI using these guidelines\n\n## References\n\n- [lmittmann/tint](https://github.com/lmittmann/tint)\n- [samber/oops](https://github.com/samber/oops)\n- [samber/slog-multi](https://github.com/samber/slog-multi)\n- [samber/slog-sampling](https://github.com/samber/slog-sampling)\n- [samber/slog-formatter](https://github.com/samber/slog-formatter)\n- [samber/slog-http](https://github.com/samber/slog-http)\n- [samber/slog-sentry](https://github.com/samber/slog-sentry)\n- [log/slog package](https://pkg.go.dev/log/slog)\n","tagline":"Idiomatic Golang error handling — creation, wrapping with %w, errors.Is/As, errors.Join, custom error types, sentinel errors, panic/recover, the single handling rule, structured logging with slog, HTTP request logging middleware, and samber/oops for production errors. 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Skill purpose: Idiomatic Golang error handling — creation, wrapping with %w, errors.Is/As, errors.Join, custom error types, sentinel errors, panic/recover, the single handling rule, structured logging with slog, HTTP request logging middleware, and samber/oops for production errors. Built to make logs usable at scale with log aggregation 3rd-party tools. Apply when creating, wrapping, inspecting, or logging errors in Go code. For samber/oops specifics → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` skill; for slog handler ecosystem → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-slog` skill. After the install attempt, report the result to https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome with POST JSON {\"event_id\":\"install_<unique-id>\",\"skill_slug\":\"samber-golang-error-handling\",\"task\":\"Install golang-error-handling\",\"agent\":\"claude-code\",\"outcome\":\"success\",\"install_used\":true}. Replace event_id with a unique value and outcome with success or failed. 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For samber/oops specifics → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` skill; for slog handler ecosystem → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-slog` skill. After the install attempt, report the result to https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome with POST JSON {\"event_id\":\"install_<unique-id>\",\"skill_slug\":\"samber-golang-error-handling\",\"task\":\"Install golang-error-handling\",\"agent\":\"cursor\",\"outcome\":\"success\",\"install_used\":true}. Replace event_id with a unique value and outcome with success or failed. 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After the install attempt, report the result to https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome with POST JSON {\"event_id\":\"install_<unique-id>\",\"skill_slug\":\"samber-golang-error-handling\",\"task\":\"Install golang-error-handling\",\"agent\":\"codex\",\"outcome\":\"success\",\"install_used\":true}. Replace event_id with a unique value and outcome with success or failed. Report success only after the skill is installed and a minimal verification passes."},{"id":"claude-code","label":"Claude Code","kind":"agent-prompt","value":"Add \"golang-error-handling\" as a Claude Code skill from https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang/tree/main/skills/golang-error-handling. Inspect the skill instructions, place the reusable skill files in the appropriate local skills location for this project, and report the activation steps. Skill purpose: Idiomatic Golang error handling — creation, wrapping with %w, errors.Is/As, errors.Join, custom error types, sentinel errors, panic/recover, the single handling rule, structured logging with slog, HTTP request logging middleware, and samber/oops for production errors. Built to make logs usable at scale with log aggregation 3rd-party tools. Apply when creating, wrapping, inspecting, or logging errors in Go code. For samber/oops specifics → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` skill; for slog handler ecosystem → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-slog` skill. After the install attempt, report the result to https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome with POST JSON {\"event_id\":\"install_<unique-id>\",\"skill_slug\":\"samber-golang-error-handling\",\"task\":\"Install golang-error-handling\",\"agent\":\"claude-code\",\"outcome\":\"success\",\"install_used\":true}. Replace event_id with a unique value and outcome with success or failed. Report success only after the skill is installed and a minimal verification passes."},{"id":"cursor","label":"Cursor","kind":"agent-prompt","value":"Turn \"golang-error-handling\" from https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang/tree/main/skills/golang-error-handling into a reusable Cursor project rule or agent instruction. Preserve the core workflow, adapt paths to this repo, and keep the rule scoped to tasks where it is relevant. Skill purpose: Idiomatic Golang error handling — creation, wrapping with %w, errors.Is/As, errors.Join, custom error types, sentinel errors, panic/recover, the single handling rule, structured logging with slog, HTTP request logging middleware, and samber/oops for production errors. Built to make logs usable at scale with log aggregation 3rd-party tools. Apply when creating, wrapping, inspecting, or logging errors in Go code. For samber/oops specifics → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` skill; for slog handler ecosystem → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-slog` skill. After the install attempt, report the result to https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome with POST JSON {\"event_id\":\"install_<unique-id>\",\"skill_slug\":\"samber-golang-error-handling\",\"task\":\"Install golang-error-handling\",\"agent\":\"cursor\",\"outcome\":\"success\",\"install_used\":true}. Replace event_id with a unique value and outcome with success or failed. 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Use Resolve, run one narrow sandbox task, then report the result.","metrics":{"totalOutcomes":0,"successfulOutcomes":0,"failedOutcomes":0,"installAttempts":0,"installSuccessRate":null,"successRate":null,"recentSuccessRate":null,"recentFailureRate":null,"riskBlocked":0,"setupRequired":0,"notRelevant":0,"avgOutputQuality":null,"avgTimeToUsefulMs":null,"productionOutcomes":0,"humanReviewRequired":0,"uniqueAgents":0,"lastOutcomeAt":null},"signals":[],"penalties":["No real agent outcome evidence yet"]},"audit":{"score":85,"risk_level":"safe_to_try","risk_label":"Safe to try","warnings":["Quality score needs review"]},"safety_gate":{"tier":"reviewed","label":"Reviewed with permission notes","auto_install_policy":"review","auto_install_allowed":false,"human_review_required":true,"blocked":false,"recommended_action":"Require human approval before installing into a real workspace."},"quality":{"score":82,"label":"Strong"},"supply":{"track":"Coding and developer agents","scenario":"Coding agents","maintenance":"1d since push","risk":"Safe to try"},"alternative_skills":[],"do_not_use_when":["teams that need a vendor-supported SLA","high-compliance environments without internal security review","No major risk signals from current metadata","High-risk permission hints: Shell or command execution","Quality score needs review","Production credentials, payments, or irreversible account changes without explicit human review","Sensitive private data before reviewing repository code, license, and permission surface","Automatic installation in a production workspace"],"agent_contract":{"task_input":"Use golang-error-handling in an agent workflow","recommended_action":"Require human approval before installing into a real workspace.","install_policy":"review","minimum_review_before_use":["Trust: 81/100 Strong shortlist","Audit: 85/100 Safe to try","Safety: 61/100 Review before install","Review repository, license, install command, and permission surface before production use."],"expected_agent_output":{"selected_skill":"samber-golang-error-handling (golang-error-handling)","install_command":"npx skills add samber/cc-skills-golang --skill golang-error-handling","risk_summary":"Safe to try; Reviewed with permission notes; Review before production","verification_result":"Report the smallest successful task, files touched, warnings, and any missing setup."}},"outcome_feedback":{"endpoint":"https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome","method":"POST","requires_resolve_event_id":true,"event_id_source":"Use install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id returned by /api/agent/resolve for the current task.","expected_outcomes":["success","failed","not_relevant","blocked_by_risk","setup_required"],"payload_template":{"event_id":"<install_receipt.outcome_feedback.event_id or feedback.event_id from /api/agent/resolve>","skill_slug":"samber-golang-error-handling","task":"Use golang-error-handling in an agent workflow","agent":"codex","outcome":"success","install_used":true,"risk_blocked":false,"setup_required":false,"task_success":true,"output_quality":4,"error_type":null,"human_review_required":false,"workspace":"sandbox","time_to_useful_ms":120000,"notes":"Report the smallest successful task, setup friction, files touched, and risk notes."}},"endpoints":{"web":"https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/samber-golang-error-handling","api":"https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/skills/samber-golang-error-handling","audit":"https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/samber-golang-error-handling/audit","eval":"https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/evals?slug=samber-golang-error-handling&task=Use%20golang-error-handling%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&max_risk=medium","resolve":"https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/resolve?task=Use%20golang-error-handling%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium","receipt":"https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/receipt?task=Use%20golang-error-handling%20in%20an%20agent%20workflow&agent=codex&max_risk=medium&format=text","install":"https://www.openagentskill.com/api/skills/samber-golang-error-handling/install","manifest":"https://www.openagentskill.com/api/registry/manifest/samber-golang-error-handling"}},"supply_profile":{"track":{"slug":"coding","label":"Coding and developer agents","shortLabel":"Coding","description":"Code review, repo analysis, testing, CI, GitHub, DevOps, and developer workflow skills."},"scenario":{"label":"Coding agents","description":"I need a coding agent that can understand a repository, edit code, and review pull requests.","useCases":[{"slug":"coding-agents","title":"Coding agents"},{"slug":"github-automation","title":"GitHub automation"},{"slug":"research-agents","title":"Research agents"}]},"applicableAgents":["Claude Code","OpenAI Agents","CLI","Codex","Cursor"],"install":{"ready":true,"command":"npx skills add samber/cc-skills-golang --skill golang-error-handling","primaryTarget":"CLI","targetCount":4},"githubQuality":{"stars":3022,"starsLabel":"3.0K","forks":197,"license":"MIT","qualityScore":82,"trustScore":81,"auditScore":85},"maintenance":{"status":"fresh","label":"1d since push","daysSincePush":1,"lastPushedAt":"2026-08-21T13:14:38+00:00"},"risk":{"level":"safe_to_try","label":"Safe to try","requiresReview":true,"notes":["Quality score needs review"]},"coverageTags":["Coding","Coding agents","research","agent-skill"]},"audit":{"audit_score":85,"risk_level":"safe_to_try","risk_label":"Safe to try","quality_score":82,"trust_score":81,"maintenance_score":100,"security_score":83,"install_score":92,"warnings":["Quality score needs review"]},"quality_signals":{"model":"v2","star_score":24.36,"usage_score":0,"review_score":5.7,"metadata_score":3,"freshness_score":15},"platforms":["Claude Code","OpenAI Agents"],"use_cases":[{"slug":"coding-agents","title":"Coding agents","url":"https://www.openagentskill.com/use-cases/coding-agents"},{"slug":"github-automation","title":"GitHub automation","url":"https://www.openagentskill.com/use-cases/github-automation"},{"slug":"research-agents","title":"Research agents","url":"https://www.openagentskill.com/use-cases/research-agents"},{"slug":"browser-automation","title":"Browser automation","url":"https://www.openagentskill.com/use-cases/browser-automation"}],"stacks":[{"slug":"coding-review-agent","title":"Coding review agent","url":"https://www.openagentskill.com/collections/coding-review-agent"},{"slug":"research-report-agent","title":"Research report agent","url":"https://www.openagentskill.com/collections/research-report-agent"},{"slug":"browser-qa-agent","title":"Browser QA agent","url":"https://www.openagentskill.com/collections/browser-qa-agent"}],"install":"npx skills add samber/cc-skills-golang --skill golang-error-handling","install_targets":[{"id":"openagentskill-cli","label":"CLI","title":"OpenAgentSkill CLI","kind":"command","value":"npx --yes https://github.com/Leon-Drq/openagentskill/releases/download/cli-v0.2.1/openagentskill-0.2.1.tgz install samber-golang-error-handling","description":"Resolve policy, run the source installer safely, and report a verified install receipt.","copyLabel":"Copy command"},{"id":"codex","label":"Codex","title":"Codex install prompt","kind":"agent-prompt","value":"Install the \"golang-error-handling\" agent skill from https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang/tree/main/skills/golang-error-handling. Read its SKILL.md or equivalent instructions first, install only the files needed for this workspace, and summarize any required setup before using it. Skill purpose: Idiomatic Golang error handling — creation, wrapping with %w, errors.Is/As, errors.Join, custom error types, sentinel errors, panic/recover, the single handling rule, structured logging with slog, HTTP request logging middleware, and samber/oops for production errors. Built to make logs usable at scale with log aggregation 3rd-party tools. Apply when creating, wrapping, inspecting, or logging errors in Go code. For samber/oops specifics → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` skill; for slog handler ecosystem → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-slog` skill. After the install attempt, report the result to https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome with POST JSON {\"event_id\":\"install_<unique-id>\",\"skill_slug\":\"samber-golang-error-handling\",\"task\":\"Install golang-error-handling\",\"agent\":\"codex\",\"outcome\":\"success\",\"install_used\":true}. Replace event_id with a unique value and outcome with success or failed. Report success only after the skill is installed and a minimal verification passes.","description":"Give Codex a repo-aware install prompt when the skill is not available through a local CLI.","copyLabel":"Copy prompt"},{"id":"claude-code","label":"Claude Code","title":"Claude Code skill prompt","kind":"agent-prompt","value":"Add \"golang-error-handling\" as a Claude Code skill from https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang/tree/main/skills/golang-error-handling. Inspect the skill instructions, place the reusable skill files in the appropriate local skills location for this project, and report the activation steps. Skill purpose: Idiomatic Golang error handling — creation, wrapping with %w, errors.Is/As, errors.Join, custom error types, sentinel errors, panic/recover, the single handling rule, structured logging with slog, HTTP request logging middleware, and samber/oops for production errors. Built to make logs usable at scale with log aggregation 3rd-party tools. Apply when creating, wrapping, inspecting, or logging errors in Go code. For samber/oops specifics → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` skill; for slog handler ecosystem → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-slog` skill. After the install attempt, report the result to https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome with POST JSON {\"event_id\":\"install_<unique-id>\",\"skill_slug\":\"samber-golang-error-handling\",\"task\":\"Install golang-error-handling\",\"agent\":\"claude-code\",\"outcome\":\"success\",\"install_used\":true}. Replace event_id with a unique value and outcome with success or failed. Report success only after the skill is installed and a minimal verification passes.","description":"Use this prompt to ask Claude Code to add the skill and explain the local activation steps.","copyLabel":"Copy prompt"},{"id":"cursor","label":"Cursor","title":"Cursor rule prompt","kind":"agent-prompt","value":"Turn \"golang-error-handling\" from https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang/tree/main/skills/golang-error-handling into a reusable Cursor project rule or agent instruction. Preserve the core workflow, adapt paths to this repo, and keep the rule scoped to tasks where it is relevant. Skill purpose: Idiomatic Golang error handling — creation, wrapping with %w, errors.Is/As, errors.Join, custom error types, sentinel errors, panic/recover, the single handling rule, structured logging with slog, HTTP request logging middleware, and samber/oops for production errors. Built to make logs usable at scale with log aggregation 3rd-party tools. Apply when creating, wrapping, inspecting, or logging errors in Go code. For samber/oops specifics → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-oops` skill; for slog handler ecosystem → See `samber/cc-skills-golang@golang-samber-slog` skill. After the install attempt, report the result to https://www.openagentskill.com/api/agent/outcome with POST JSON {\"event_id\":\"install_<unique-id>\",\"skill_slug\":\"samber-golang-error-handling\",\"task\":\"Install golang-error-handling\",\"agent\":\"cursor\",\"outcome\":\"success\",\"install_used\":true}. Replace event_id with a unique value and outcome with success or failed. Report success only after the skill is installed and a minimal verification passes.","description":"Use this when installing as Cursor project rules or reusable agent instructions.","copyLabel":"Copy prompt"}],"repository":"https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang/tree/main/skills/golang-error-handling","github_repo":"samber/cc-skills-golang","version":"1.0.0","license":"MIT","urls":{"web":"https://www.openagentskill.com/skills/samber-golang-error-handling","repository":"https://github.com/samber/cc-skills-golang/tree/main/skills/golang-error-handling","api":"/api/agent/skills/samber-golang-error-handling","install_api":"/api/skills/samber-golang-error-handling/install"},"meta":{"created_at":"2026-08-21T13:24:42.820922+00:00","updated_at":"2026-08-21T13:24:42.820922+00:00","agent_friendly":true}}